Using trophic hierarchy to understand food web
... from primary producers (20%) and from herbivores (80%); the species is therefore 20% herbivore and 80% primary carnivore. Consequently, its TP is 0.220.83 2.8. The integer numbers that appear in this calculation labels trophic levels and count exactly the number of steps energy travels to reach ...
... from primary producers (20%) and from herbivores (80%); the species is therefore 20% herbivore and 80% primary carnivore. Consequently, its TP is 0.220.83 2.8. The integer numbers that appear in this calculation labels trophic levels and count exactly the number of steps energy travels to reach ...
How life-history traits affect ecosystem properties: effects of dispersal
... The resource-ratio theory of plant coexistence (Tilman 1982, 1988), based on the seminal model of León and Tumpson (1975), has been instrumental in our understanding of the intimate linkage between stoichiometry, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. The theory applies to two resources the R ...
... The resource-ratio theory of plant coexistence (Tilman 1982, 1988), based on the seminal model of León and Tumpson (1975), has been instrumental in our understanding of the intimate linkage between stoichiometry, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. The theory applies to two resources the R ...
Biomass Flow and Scavengers Use of Carcasses after Re
... scavengers being present decreased faster with time at remains from hunter harvest compared to wolf kills and both the probability of being present and the number of visits by scavengers to wolf kills increased as the amount of biomass available on the carcass increased. Conclusions/Significance: Wo ...
... scavengers being present decreased faster with time at remains from hunter harvest compared to wolf kills and both the probability of being present and the number of visits by scavengers to wolf kills increased as the amount of biomass available on the carcass increased. Conclusions/Significance: Wo ...
Twenty-two years chairgroup
... in a publication in Science) can also be used for both temperate and tropical areas: the dynamics of very nutrient-rich grazed swamps in Western Europe show the same behaviour (Theo Vulink 2001). While we got more and more interested in the alternative states of trees or grasses (leading to a public ...
... in a publication in Science) can also be used for both temperate and tropical areas: the dynamics of very nutrient-rich grazed swamps in Western Europe show the same behaviour (Theo Vulink 2001). While we got more and more interested in the alternative states of trees or grasses (leading to a public ...
Aspects of Ecology and Adaptation with an Emphasis on hominoid
... scientific approach were to become widely employed, but only insofar as they served as valuable supplements to biological science and inquiry. It was not until much later (the 1960s) that ecology gained increased recognition as the valid and worthy "... branch of science ... most relevant to the eve ...
... scientific approach were to become widely employed, but only insofar as they served as valuable supplements to biological science and inquiry. It was not until much later (the 1960s) that ecology gained increased recognition as the valid and worthy "... branch of science ... most relevant to the eve ...
Abstracts - Society For Range Management
... grasses, primarily cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and conifer expansion are primary threats to the sustainability of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter sage-grouse) in the western portion of the species range. The determination on whether sage-grouse will be listed as a threate ...
... grasses, primarily cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and conifer expansion are primary threats to the sustainability of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter sage-grouse) in the western portion of the species range. The determination on whether sage-grouse will be listed as a threate ...
The Biology of Lakes and Ponds
... conditions experienced by the organisms that inhabit these systems. Thus, organisms from different systems are expected to show a substantial diversity of adaptations to cope with their environment and to be specialized to a specific set of abiotic and biotic conditions. However, although organisms f ...
... conditions experienced by the organisms that inhabit these systems. Thus, organisms from different systems are expected to show a substantial diversity of adaptations to cope with their environment and to be specialized to a specific set of abiotic and biotic conditions. However, although organisms f ...
Chapter 36 – Communities and Ecosystems
... B. Conservation a. Biodiversity- variety of life forms on Earth i. 1.5 million described species. 5-15 million total. ii. Biodiversity hotspots (20% of species in 1% of land area) (Fig. 38.11) 1. Coral reefs (Fig. 38.2B) 2. Rainforests (warmer, wetter regions) iii. Value 1. Medicine – e.g. rosy peri ...
... B. Conservation a. Biodiversity- variety of life forms on Earth i. 1.5 million described species. 5-15 million total. ii. Biodiversity hotspots (20% of species in 1% of land area) (Fig. 38.11) 1. Coral reefs (Fig. 38.2B) 2. Rainforests (warmer, wetter regions) iii. Value 1. Medicine – e.g. rosy peri ...
Questions and answers about food webs
... Interaction strengths are a cause of much contention in food web research! For a thoroughly referenced review, see Berlow et al. (2004). Interaction strengths are difficult to measure empirically, and greatly increase the complexity of a food web model. Accordingly, many models – both empirical and ...
... Interaction strengths are a cause of much contention in food web research! For a thoroughly referenced review, see Berlow et al. (2004). Interaction strengths are difficult to measure empirically, and greatly increase the complexity of a food web model. Accordingly, many models – both empirical and ...
Asymmetrical food web responses in trophic
... into three trophic levels (levels 2–4) based on their life stage and feeding type following Thorp and Covich (2001), Hutchinson (1967), and Fischer et al. (2001b): (a) trophic-level 2 was comprised of primary consumers and included all herbivorous zooplankton; (b) trophic level 3, secondary consumer ...
... into three trophic levels (levels 2–4) based on their life stage and feeding type following Thorp and Covich (2001), Hutchinson (1967), and Fischer et al. (2001b): (a) trophic-level 2 was comprised of primary consumers and included all herbivorous zooplankton; (b) trophic level 3, secondary consumer ...
Fungal alteration of the elemental composition of leaf litter affects
... We hypothesised that variation in leaf litter resource quality, defined here as leaf litter elemental composition, would change consumer feeding performance, with consequences for the rate of leaf litter breakdown as a major ecological process in detritus-based headwater streams. We tested this hypo ...
... We hypothesised that variation in leaf litter resource quality, defined here as leaf litter elemental composition, would change consumer feeding performance, with consequences for the rate of leaf litter breakdown as a major ecological process in detritus-based headwater streams. We tested this hypo ...
Plant diversity controls arthropod biomass and temporal stability
... The bivariate correlations among consumer diversity, net biovolume production and temporal stability were similar in both strength and direction to those of the producers in this experiment (Fig. 2, Table 1). In particular, bivariate correlations showed that, like the plants (Fig. 2a and b, relation ...
... The bivariate correlations among consumer diversity, net biovolume production and temporal stability were similar in both strength and direction to those of the producers in this experiment (Fig. 2, Table 1). In particular, bivariate correlations showed that, like the plants (Fig. 2a and b, relation ...
potential mechanisms underlying the displacement of native red
... these treatments with food resources that were either clumped or scattered, and the resulting eight treatments were replicated five times for a total of 40 pools. Treatments were randomly assigned to tanks within five spatial blocks. To provide food for developing larvae, we added 15 g of pelleted P ...
... these treatments with food resources that were either clumped or scattered, and the resulting eight treatments were replicated five times for a total of 40 pools. Treatments were randomly assigned to tanks within five spatial blocks. To provide food for developing larvae, we added 15 g of pelleted P ...
coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lakes
... migratory under the EPBC Act because they are included in the lists of JAMBA and/or CAMBA. Vegetation surrounding coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lakes and coastal and sub-coastal nonfloodplain soil lakes is diverse and dependent on their location. Where lake levels fluctuate, vegetation is eithe ...
... migratory under the EPBC Act because they are included in the lists of JAMBA and/or CAMBA. Vegetation surrounding coastal and sub-coastal floodplain lakes and coastal and sub-coastal nonfloodplain soil lakes is diverse and dependent on their location. Where lake levels fluctuate, vegetation is eithe ...
The Impacts of Shoreline Development on Shallow-water Benthic Communities in the Patuxent River, MD
... Table A1: Post-hoc AIC analysis results: 3-mm infaunal density with addition of variables: salinity, distance upriver................................................................................... 88 Table A2: Post-hoc AIC analysis results: 3-mm infaunal Shannon diversity with addition of variab ...
... Table A1: Post-hoc AIC analysis results: 3-mm infaunal density with addition of variables: salinity, distance upriver................................................................................... 88 Table A2: Post-hoc AIC analysis results: 3-mm infaunal Shannon diversity with addition of variab ...
dasar ilmu tanah
... 1. Most are DECOMPOSERS That consume simple carbon compounds, such as root exudates and fresh plant litter. By this process, bacteria convert energy in soil organic matter into forms useful to the rest of the organisms in the soil food web. A number of decomposers can break down pesticides and pollu ...
... 1. Most are DECOMPOSERS That consume simple carbon compounds, such as root exudates and fresh plant litter. By this process, bacteria convert energy in soil organic matter into forms useful to the rest of the organisms in the soil food web. A number of decomposers can break down pesticides and pollu ...
Ecological functions of earthworms in soil - Wageningen UR E
... Regardless of whether they increase or decrease microbial biomass (Blair et al. 1997; Sheehan et al. 2008), earthworms usually boost microbial activity, either through ingestion and gut passage (Drake and Horn 2007; Depkat-Jakob et al. 2010), or by mixing soil with organic matter and providing favou ...
... Regardless of whether they increase or decrease microbial biomass (Blair et al. 1997; Sheehan et al. 2008), earthworms usually boost microbial activity, either through ingestion and gut passage (Drake and Horn 2007; Depkat-Jakob et al. 2010), or by mixing soil with organic matter and providing favou ...
7th gd Ecosystems And Biomes
... 4. Cycling of materials (water cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle, nutrient cycle) ...
... 4. Cycling of materials (water cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle, nutrient cycle) ...
Atlantic Salmon
... A total of 2.7-3.5 tonnes of wild fish are used to make 1 tonne of farmed salmon! The consumption of 6.2 tonnes of wild fish for each tonne of salmon produced not only means less food for humans, but also for the many ocean species that rely on these fish as part of their food chain. Currently, the ...
... A total of 2.7-3.5 tonnes of wild fish are used to make 1 tonne of farmed salmon! The consumption of 6.2 tonnes of wild fish for each tonne of salmon produced not only means less food for humans, but also for the many ocean species that rely on these fish as part of their food chain. Currently, the ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... There is a growing interest in using trait-based approaches to characterize the functional structure of animal communities. Quantitative methods have been derived mostly for plant ecology, but it is now common to characterize the functional composition of various systems such as soils, coral reefs, ...
... There is a growing interest in using trait-based approaches to characterize the functional structure of animal communities. Quantitative methods have been derived mostly for plant ecology, but it is now common to characterize the functional composition of various systems such as soils, coral reefs, ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... There is a growing interest in using trait-based approaches to characterize the functional structure of animal communities. Quantitative methods have been derived mostly for plant ecology, but it is now common to characterize the functional composition of various systems such as soils, coral reefs, ...
... There is a growing interest in using trait-based approaches to characterize the functional structure of animal communities. Quantitative methods have been derived mostly for plant ecology, but it is now common to characterize the functional composition of various systems such as soils, coral reefs, ...
Ecological enhancement of an aphid parasitoid
... Insects have become increasingly resistant to chemical control methods, while at the same time public awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides has increased. The search for more environmentally ‘friendly’ means of pest suppression is gaining momentum and biological control (the use o ...
... Insects have become increasingly resistant to chemical control methods, while at the same time public awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides has increased. The search for more environmentally ‘friendly’ means of pest suppression is gaining momentum and biological control (the use o ...
Potential for Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control:
... control]). The log response ratio (LRR) is one of the most commonly used effect metrics in ecological metaanalysis (Hedges et al., 1999; Lajeunesse and Forbes, 2003). Another commonly used metric, Hedge’s d, requires a measure of sample variability and weights individual studies by this variance. Th ...
... control]). The log response ratio (LRR) is one of the most commonly used effect metrics in ecological metaanalysis (Hedges et al., 1999; Lajeunesse and Forbes, 2003). Another commonly used metric, Hedge’s d, requires a measure of sample variability and weights individual studies by this variance. Th ...
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... parameters or processes.” These are diverse and complex objectives. Several aspects of the present modeling approach are worthy of praise. Efforts were made to include state-of-the-art components within the bounds of logistical practicality. Many parts of the model are sophisticated and well researc ...
... parameters or processes.” These are diverse and complex objectives. Several aspects of the present modeling approach are worthy of praise. Efforts were made to include state-of-the-art components within the bounds of logistical practicality. Many parts of the model are sophisticated and well researc ...
Grassland Ecology - Kansas State University
... General Characteristics and Global Distribution of Grasslands A simple, all-encompassing definition of grasslands is surprisingly difficult to come by, and grasslands have been defined and distinguished from other biome types in many different ways. One defining feature of grasslands is that they ar ...
... General Characteristics and Global Distribution of Grasslands A simple, all-encompassing definition of grasslands is surprisingly difficult to come by, and grasslands have been defined and distinguished from other biome types in many different ways. One defining feature of grasslands is that they ar ...