Plant communities as drivers of soil respiration: pathways
... photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area (Fig. 1). Plants also vary in the proportion of GPP diverted to TBCF, which may be highest for those species with a suite of traits which together maximize resource retention (Fig. 1). These species tend to prevail in arid or infertile environments where there ...
... photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area (Fig. 1). Plants also vary in the proportion of GPP diverted to TBCF, which may be highest for those species with a suite of traits which together maximize resource retention (Fig. 1). These species tend to prevail in arid or infertile environments where there ...
Commensalism
... A. They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water. B. They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm. C. They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight. D. They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores. ...
... A. They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the water. B. They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm. C. They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of sunlight. D. They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores. ...
Brady`s Pincushion Cactus (Pediocactus bradyi)
... These long-term studies indicate a decline in plant numbers (Hughes 2003, Roth 2004). This is largely attributed to low recruitment numbers and increased mortality through human caused disturbances such as off-road vehicle traffic. Insect herbivory is one of the leading natural causes of death. Ongo ...
... These long-term studies indicate a decline in plant numbers (Hughes 2003, Roth 2004). This is largely attributed to low recruitment numbers and increased mortality through human caused disturbances such as off-road vehicle traffic. Insect herbivory is one of the leading natural causes of death. Ongo ...
PDF - Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
... recorded and assigned to family level. Flowers and fruits were avoided in the samples in order to remove the variance between saplings and trees due to the presence of reproductive structures. Eighty such samples were collected during one survey, 40 each on saplings and trees. Twenty-five surveys we ...
... recorded and assigned to family level. Flowers and fruits were avoided in the samples in order to remove the variance between saplings and trees due to the presence of reproductive structures. Eighty such samples were collected during one survey, 40 each on saplings and trees. Twenty-five surveys we ...
按一下以新增標題
... Fig. 7.3 Long-term population dynamics in laboratory population cages of a host (Indian meal moth) , with and with (a) or without (b) its parasitoid (parasitoid wasp). ...
... Fig. 7.3 Long-term population dynamics in laboratory population cages of a host (Indian meal moth) , with and with (a) or without (b) its parasitoid (parasitoid wasp). ...
How Communities Evolve - New England Complex Systems Institute
... energy values would be represented as a trajectory. These trajectories, which represent the behavior of the variables of the system, correspond in general to solutions of a system of differential equations. The continuous arrival of radiant energy from the sun, which is transformed into plant resour ...
... energy values would be represented as a trajectory. These trajectories, which represent the behavior of the variables of the system, correspond in general to solutions of a system of differential equations. The continuous arrival of radiant energy from the sun, which is transformed into plant resour ...
Reports
... Abstract. Predator species individually are known to have important effects on plant communities and ecosystem functions such as production, decomposition, and elemental cycling, the nature of which is determined by a key functional trait, predator hunting mode. However, it remains entirely uncertai ...
... Abstract. Predator species individually are known to have important effects on plant communities and ecosystem functions such as production, decomposition, and elemental cycling, the nature of which is determined by a key functional trait, predator hunting mode. However, it remains entirely uncertai ...
Apparent competition and insect community structure: towards a
... competition can structure communities of herbivorous insects. This is not a side show: herbivorous insects and the natural-enemy food chains based on them may include more than 50% of all described species, a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. Early attempts to address this question were ...
... competition can structure communities of herbivorous insects. This is not a side show: herbivorous insects and the natural-enemy food chains based on them may include more than 50% of all described species, a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. Early attempts to address this question were ...
Effects of Plant Traits on Ecosystem and Regional
... material, topography and time) govern the properties of soils and ecosystems. The effects of these independent variables on ecosystems depend on the interactions among several interactive controls that both affect, and respond to, ecosystem processes (Field et al., 1992; Chapin et al., 1996) (Fig. 1 ...
... material, topography and time) govern the properties of soils and ecosystems. The effects of these independent variables on ecosystems depend on the interactions among several interactive controls that both affect, and respond to, ecosystem processes (Field et al., 1992; Chapin et al., 1996) (Fig. 1 ...
Coevolution of Cycads and Dinosaurs
... Cycadales. Brenner et al. (2002) suggested that macrozamin possibly serves a regulatory function during cycad growth, but a strong case can be made that the most important reason for the evolution of cycad toxins was their usefulness as a defense against foliage predation at a time when dinosaurs we ...
... Cycadales. Brenner et al. (2002) suggested that macrozamin possibly serves a regulatory function during cycad growth, but a strong case can be made that the most important reason for the evolution of cycad toxins was their usefulness as a defense against foliage predation at a time when dinosaurs we ...
Pond Life
... are still, which means that they are not fed by streams or rivers. As a result, ponds may become very shallow when there is a drought. ...
... are still, which means that they are not fed by streams or rivers. As a result, ponds may become very shallow when there is a drought. ...
Twenty-two years chairgroup
... a grass-layer (Paul Loth 1999). This we took further through the work of Cornelis van der Waal (2010), Mhosisi Masocha (2010), Tessema Kelkay(2011), Eduardo Barbosa 2013) and post-doc Kyle Tomlinson (ending 2013). We further worked on rodents, because in savannas they may perhaps be crucial for furt ...
... a grass-layer (Paul Loth 1999). This we took further through the work of Cornelis van der Waal (2010), Mhosisi Masocha (2010), Tessema Kelkay(2011), Eduardo Barbosa 2013) and post-doc Kyle Tomlinson (ending 2013). We further worked on rodents, because in savannas they may perhaps be crucial for furt ...
Field studies on Fiji`s endemic swallowtail butterfly, Papilio schmeltzi
... Fiji’s swallowtail butterfly, Papilio schmeltzi, is a Rutaceae feeding, tropical Papilionid butterfly that is endemic to the Fiji islands and generally occurs in low density. Field observations on habitat and the seasonal activity patterns of P. schmeltzi were carried out in the Vatukarasa area in K ...
... Fiji’s swallowtail butterfly, Papilio schmeltzi, is a Rutaceae feeding, tropical Papilionid butterfly that is endemic to the Fiji islands and generally occurs in low density. Field observations on habitat and the seasonal activity patterns of P. schmeltzi were carried out in the Vatukarasa area in K ...
WHAT`S NEW IN Biological Control of Weeds?
... Predation by wasps, and ants to a lesser degree, does appear to be limiting the boneseed leafroller. But where do the scale insects fit in? Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera) is often host to scale insects which produce honeydew as they feed on sap. This honeydew attracts wasps and an ...
... Predation by wasps, and ants to a lesser degree, does appear to be limiting the boneseed leafroller. But where do the scale insects fit in? Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera) is often host to scale insects which produce honeydew as they feed on sap. This honeydew attracts wasps and an ...
Some factors influencing predation by Mononchus aquaticus
... aciivityand also predation.Maximumpredation occurred in 1 % agar. From the data presented, it is evidentt h a t M. aquatikus showed noconsistentpredatorypatternwith different prey species and that some were devoured morethanothers.Such differencescould probably berelatedtotheactiveness of the prey, ...
... aciivityand also predation.Maximumpredation occurred in 1 % agar. From the data presented, it is evidentt h a t M. aquatikus showed noconsistentpredatorypatternwith different prey species and that some were devoured morethanothers.Such differencescould probably berelatedtotheactiveness of the prey, ...
Ecology Review
... • Producer - organism, such as a green plant or alga, that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to create energyrich food molecules • Consumer - organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains its food by eating other organisms • Decomposer – consume wastes and dead organisms ...
... • Producer - organism, such as a green plant or alga, that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to create energyrich food molecules • Consumer - organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains its food by eating other organisms • Decomposer – consume wastes and dead organisms ...
Herbivore
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A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.