Supplementary Online Material
... Predicted future changes to species interactions resulting from the effects of each global environmental change (GEC) driver. Arrows with solid outlines indicate nutrient and energy flow, while double-headed arrows with dotted outlines indicate resource competition. + and – symbols within arrows ind ...
... Predicted future changes to species interactions resulting from the effects of each global environmental change (GEC) driver. Arrows with solid outlines indicate nutrient and energy flow, while double-headed arrows with dotted outlines indicate resource competition. + and – symbols within arrows ind ...
Essential Oils and their Applications in Animal Nutrition
... as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) substances, but their use in food as preservatives can be limited due to flavor considerations [17]. The antimicrobial properties of the diverse chemical compounds present in EOs are not the result of one specific mode of action, but instead the cumulative effe ...
... as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) substances, but their use in food as preservatives can be limited due to flavor considerations [17]. The antimicrobial properties of the diverse chemical compounds present in EOs are not the result of one specific mode of action, but instead the cumulative effe ...
Interspecific Interactions in Phytophagous Insects: Competition
... bivorous insects consisted mainly of observational studies of resource parti tioning (e.g. 108, 143, 147, 179, 184). The rationale for such studies stemmed from classical competition theory, which predicted that two species could not occupy the same niche and coexist, and that coexistence could be ...
... bivorous insects consisted mainly of observational studies of resource parti tioning (e.g. 108, 143, 147, 179, 184). The rationale for such studies stemmed from classical competition theory, which predicted that two species could not occupy the same niche and coexist, and that coexistence could be ...
Freese Scale for Grassland Biodiversity
... Livestock production has historically focused on minimizing variation in grazing intensity. Rangeland managers sometimes refer to the idea of “take half, leave half” as a management guideline. By managing livestock to eat half and leave half of the vegetation, a uniform structure of vegetation—not t ...
... Livestock production has historically focused on minimizing variation in grazing intensity. Rangeland managers sometimes refer to the idea of “take half, leave half” as a management guideline. By managing livestock to eat half and leave half of the vegetation, a uniform structure of vegetation—not t ...
Phylogenetic signal in predator–prey body
... magnitude are the same on both axes. For completeness, we also present results from reduced major axis regression and OLS (ordinary least squares)-bisector regression in Tables A1 and A2 of the Appendix, with highly consistent results. Body masses were measured in grams and log10 -transformed. Regre ...
... magnitude are the same on both axes. For completeness, we also present results from reduced major axis regression and OLS (ordinary least squares)-bisector regression in Tables A1 and A2 of the Appendix, with highly consistent results. Body masses were measured in grams and log10 -transformed. Regre ...
Correction Factors for Important Prey Categories in the Diet of
... only c*ne type of prey was given, but in a f e w cases a mixed diet was presented to the cats. The food was weighed before given to the cats, and r e m n a n t s left in t h e cages were taken out and weighed. Large prey, such as fowls and adult rabbits were left in the cage for two days before take ...
... only c*ne type of prey was given, but in a f e w cases a mixed diet was presented to the cats. The food was weighed before given to the cats, and r e m n a n t s left in t h e cages were taken out and weighed. Large prey, such as fowls and adult rabbits were left in the cage for two days before take ...
Synthesizing specificity: multiple approaches to understanding the
... The concept of specificity in plant–herbivore and plant– pathogen interactions excites plant pathologists, molecular biologists and animal ecologists alike. This excitement grows out of the notion that individual plant and enemy species (or populations) are reciprocally interacting in a way that sha ...
... The concept of specificity in plant–herbivore and plant– pathogen interactions excites plant pathologists, molecular biologists and animal ecologists alike. This excitement grows out of the notion that individual plant and enemy species (or populations) are reciprocally interacting in a way that sha ...
How important are environmental maternal effects in plants? A study
... all the seeds produced by the mother plants in a given treatment as a single population without accounting for the variation due to differences among mother plants - for example because their identity was not recorded - would be a form of 'pseudoreplication' (Hurlbert 1984). When many analyses were ...
... all the seeds produced by the mother plants in a given treatment as a single population without accounting for the variation due to differences among mother plants - for example because their identity was not recorded - would be a form of 'pseudoreplication' (Hurlbert 1984). When many analyses were ...
Relative herbivory tolerance and competitive ability in two dominant
... limited because competition is often inferred indirectly from plant performance, rather than from the direct assessment of resource acquisition (Caldwell et al. 1985). Our understanding of the effects of defoliation on resource acquisition and competition is especially limited for native plants in f ...
... limited because competition is often inferred indirectly from plant performance, rather than from the direct assessment of resource acquisition (Caldwell et al. 1985). Our understanding of the effects of defoliation on resource acquisition and competition is especially limited for native plants in f ...
Purple Loosestrife - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the
... Lythrum salicaria has distribution centers in Europe and Asia. The European distribution extends from Great Britain across western Europe into central Russia with the 65th parallel as the northern distribution limit (Tutin et al., 1968). Purple loosestrife is common throughout central and southern E ...
... Lythrum salicaria has distribution centers in Europe and Asia. The European distribution extends from Great Britain across western Europe into central Russia with the 65th parallel as the northern distribution limit (Tutin et al., 1968). Purple loosestrife is common throughout central and southern E ...
Land-use history - India Environment Portal
... closed canopy secondary forests (Frost 1998; White 2004). Over the last several decades, large tracts of agricultural land have been abandoned, allowing longleaf pine woodlands to regenerate and prescribed fire has been reintroduced to many managed areas (Jose, Jokela & Miller 2005). However, the le ...
... closed canopy secondary forests (Frost 1998; White 2004). Over the last several decades, large tracts of agricultural land have been abandoned, allowing longleaf pine woodlands to regenerate and prescribed fire has been reintroduced to many managed areas (Jose, Jokela & Miller 2005). However, the le ...
v01 08
... succeeded. They grew the plants, provided materials and staff and helped collect data. In particular, I am grateful to Naomi Arcand, Seth Cato, Vincent Costello, ...
... succeeded. They grew the plants, provided materials and staff and helped collect data. In particular, I am grateful to Naomi Arcand, Seth Cato, Vincent Costello, ...
The University of Chicago
... and herbs. I systematically manipulated the number of species in the interaction webs to alter the length of interaction pathways. I also manipulated the ability of individual predators to capture and subdue prey to change the nature of the indirect effects carnivores could propagate on species lowe ...
... and herbs. I systematically manipulated the number of species in the interaction webs to alter the length of interaction pathways. I also manipulated the ability of individual predators to capture and subdue prey to change the nature of the indirect effects carnivores could propagate on species lowe ...
Plant–soil feedbacks: connecting ecosystem ecology and evolution
... Key-words: above-ground–below-ground relationships, eco-evolutionary dynamics, ecosystem ecology, G 9 G interactions, plant–soil feedback, selection, soil gradients, soil microbes Introduction Plant–soil feedbacks (PSF) have important evolutionary implications because they are associated with change ...
... Key-words: above-ground–below-ground relationships, eco-evolutionary dynamics, ecosystem ecology, G 9 G interactions, plant–soil feedback, selection, soil gradients, soil microbes Introduction Plant–soil feedbacks (PSF) have important evolutionary implications because they are associated with change ...
animal mutualistic interactions
... Valdovinos et al. 2009, 2013) have used species removal to study the resulting community patterns and dynamics, which is similar to the removal matrix approach described above for food webs. In many other studies of plant–animal mutualistic networks, the underlying definition of interaction strength ...
... Valdovinos et al. 2009, 2013) have used species removal to study the resulting community patterns and dynamics, which is similar to the removal matrix approach described above for food webs. In many other studies of plant–animal mutualistic networks, the underlying definition of interaction strength ...
CRCT Practice
... C. Trees that are small and are spread far apart from one another D. Trees that are tall, thick, and leafy and keep their leaves all year ...
... C. Trees that are small and are spread far apart from one another D. Trees that are tall, thick, and leafy and keep their leaves all year ...
Fishes learn aversions to a nudibranch`s chemical defense
... defended and undefended food that tasted like squid. Bioassay-guided separation using the mummichog demonstrated that the sesquiterpene polygodial was responsible for the deterrent effects of the nudibranch extract. This metabolite also resulted in the striped blenny avoiding either squid- or tunaba ...
... defended and undefended food that tasted like squid. Bioassay-guided separation using the mummichog demonstrated that the sesquiterpene polygodial was responsible for the deterrent effects of the nudibranch extract. This metabolite also resulted in the striped blenny avoiding either squid- or tunaba ...
An experimental test of the effect of plant functional group diversity
... on total arthropod species richness and on species richness of the arthropod groups. Because none of the interaction terms were significant for any arthropod groups, we then used three-way ANCOVAs without the interactions to increase the power of the analysis to detect effects of individual plant f ...
... on total arthropod species richness and on species richness of the arthropod groups. Because none of the interaction terms were significant for any arthropod groups, we then used three-way ANCOVAs without the interactions to increase the power of the analysis to detect effects of individual plant f ...
MS-SCI-ES-Unit 4 -- Chapter 10- Ecosystems
... three abiotic factors you interact with each day. ...
... three abiotic factors you interact with each day. ...
Herbivore
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A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.