Interactions among grasses, shrubs, and
... summers. Their hypothesis was that grass response to water addition would not change with shrubremoval, but the response of shrubs would increase with the removal of grasses. They found that grasses responded to the experimental water addition, but shrubs only responded during the dry year and showe ...
... summers. Their hypothesis was that grass response to water addition would not change with shrubremoval, but the response of shrubs would increase with the removal of grasses. They found that grasses responded to the experimental water addition, but shrubs only responded during the dry year and showe ...
The emerging role of pharmacology in understanding consumer
... in which secondary metabolites alter the foraging behavior or fitness of aquatic consumers, or both. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the fate and consequences of these metabolites in aquatic consumers remains in its infancy. Interactions between metabolites and consumers at ...
... in which secondary metabolites alter the foraging behavior or fitness of aquatic consumers, or both. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the fate and consequences of these metabolites in aquatic consumers remains in its infancy. Interactions between metabolites and consumers at ...
Ecosystem services and conservation strategy: beware the silver bullet
... Second, once market values are associated with different stocks of natural capital, there is a risk that certain types of high value services will dominate management strategies (Carnus et al. 2006). Ecosystems may not have to be particularly diverse or pristine to deliver some ecosystem services (e ...
... Second, once market values are associated with different stocks of natural capital, there is a risk that certain types of high value services will dominate management strategies (Carnus et al. 2006). Ecosystems may not have to be particularly diverse or pristine to deliver some ecosystem services (e ...
Healthy Soil and Leaf Litter Layers
... The soil and leaf litter provide a spatially diverse habitat that changes over time. The amount of leaf litter may change on a seasonal basis resulting in leaf litter depth peaking perhaps once or twice through the year. The amount of accumulated leaf litter depends on the factors of decomposition l ...
... The soil and leaf litter provide a spatially diverse habitat that changes over time. The amount of leaf litter may change on a seasonal basis resulting in leaf litter depth peaking perhaps once or twice through the year. The amount of accumulated leaf litter depends on the factors of decomposition l ...
grazer diversity, functional redundancy, and productivity in seagrass
... the variable. At a mechanistic level, however, the characteristics of individual species are fundamental to explaining the existence and form of such relationships (Aarssen 1997, Hooper and Vitousek 1997, Huston 1997, Tilman et al. 1997a, Wardle et al. 1997). Specifically, the relationship will depe ...
... the variable. At a mechanistic level, however, the characteristics of individual species are fundamental to explaining the existence and form of such relationships (Aarssen 1997, Hooper and Vitousek 1997, Huston 1997, Tilman et al. 1997a, Wardle et al. 1997). Specifically, the relationship will depe ...
BIOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE
... than 108 countries. In the years that followed, the Organic Farming supporters kept increasing, representing farmers, the scientific community as well as the consumers who now seek safer and better quality agricultural products. As a result, France was the first to adopt a regulatory framework aimin ...
... than 108 countries. In the years that followed, the Organic Farming supporters kept increasing, representing farmers, the scientific community as well as the consumers who now seek safer and better quality agricultural products. As a result, France was the first to adopt a regulatory framework aimin ...
Energy flow of a boreal intertidal ecosystem, the Sylt
... cycles. The cycling network indicated that about 99% of the recycling involves 2 to 3 compartments, with sediment bacteria and particulate organic carbon (POC) participating in most instances. Input/output analyses indicated that phytoplankton production in the Bight does not satisfy the demands of ...
... cycles. The cycling network indicated that about 99% of the recycling involves 2 to 3 compartments, with sediment bacteria and particulate organic carbon (POC) participating in most instances. Input/output analyses indicated that phytoplankton production in the Bight does not satisfy the demands of ...
Seven years of carbon dioxide enrichment, nitrogen
... or functional group richness (Reich et al., 2001b, 2004), and recently it was shown that elevated CO2 can decrease plant species loss caused by N fertilization (Reich, 2009). Enrichment of CO2 and N can impact AM symbioses by changing the availability of essential resources as well as by changing th ...
... or functional group richness (Reich et al., 2001b, 2004), and recently it was shown that elevated CO2 can decrease plant species loss caused by N fertilization (Reich, 2009). Enrichment of CO2 and N can impact AM symbioses by changing the availability of essential resources as well as by changing th ...
VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY 2008 Fertilisation with human urine in a nutshell_0
... Urine is ideally applied before light rainfall. This will ensure that the nutrients are washed into the soil. On very dry soils, more nitrogen evaporates, and in the case of heavy rains, nutrients are washed away from the crops. Application. Fertilization w ...
... Urine is ideally applied before light rainfall. This will ensure that the nutrients are washed into the soil. On very dry soils, more nitrogen evaporates, and in the case of heavy rains, nutrients are washed away from the crops. Application. Fertilization w ...
Slide 1
... Over time, lichens convert, or fix, atmospheric nitrogen into useful forms for other organisms, break down rock, and add organic material to form soil. Certain grasses, like those that colonized Krakatau early on, are also pioneer species. ...
... Over time, lichens convert, or fix, atmospheric nitrogen into useful forms for other organisms, break down rock, and add organic material to form soil. Certain grasses, like those that colonized Krakatau early on, are also pioneer species. ...
Prescription for Great Lakes Ecosystem Protection and Restoration
... are both persistent and bioaccumulative;6 (4) increased sediment loading as well as other sources of stress associated with land use practices (e.g., physical changes including alteration of vegetative land cover, wetland filling, modification of shorelines); (5) introduction of invasive (nonnative) ...
... are both persistent and bioaccumulative;6 (4) increased sediment loading as well as other sources of stress associated with land use practices (e.g., physical changes including alteration of vegetative land cover, wetland filling, modification of shorelines); (5) introduction of invasive (nonnative) ...
consumer species richness and autotrophic biomass
... Overview.—We constructed microcosms that contained autotrophs, decomposers, and dead organic and inorganic nutrients and varied the number of consumer species stocked in each microcosm. For simplicity, we refer to these nondecomposer heterotrophs as ‘‘consumers,’’ which includes herbivores, detritiv ...
... Overview.—We constructed microcosms that contained autotrophs, decomposers, and dead organic and inorganic nutrients and varied the number of consumer species stocked in each microcosm. For simplicity, we refer to these nondecomposer heterotrophs as ‘‘consumers,’’ which includes herbivores, detritiv ...
Microbial Ecology
... brevis is able to survive in a metal-contaminated medium, it probably has the capacity to avoid or detoxify stressed environments. Mechanisms allowing to the bacteria to persist in metal-polluted media include the formation of organic metal-complexing agents [16, 17, 29], precipitation, or redox tra ...
... brevis is able to survive in a metal-contaminated medium, it probably has the capacity to avoid or detoxify stressed environments. Mechanisms allowing to the bacteria to persist in metal-polluted media include the formation of organic metal-complexing agents [16, 17, 29], precipitation, or redox tra ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... of herbivore regulation and lead to nonlinear responses in abundance (Figure 5a) [22,45–47]. Reciprocal effects occur between large herbivores and primary producers (represented with double arrows in Figure 5a) that can lead to grazing facilitation between species [25,48,49]. Mega-herbivores, such a ...
... of herbivore regulation and lead to nonlinear responses in abundance (Figure 5a) [22,45–47]. Reciprocal effects occur between large herbivores and primary producers (represented with double arrows in Figure 5a) that can lead to grazing facilitation between species [25,48,49]. Mega-herbivores, such a ...
Original Article Faunestic Study of the Aquatic Arthropods in a
... their life cycle (Jewett 1963). These insects have been, in some cases, well studied because they are vectors of several diseases (Cook 1997), can be environmental quality biosensors (Kashian et al. 2007), and are utilized for understanding aquatic communities and ecosystems (Benke 1979, Waters 1979 ...
... their life cycle (Jewett 1963). These insects have been, in some cases, well studied because they are vectors of several diseases (Cook 1997), can be environmental quality biosensors (Kashian et al. 2007), and are utilized for understanding aquatic communities and ecosystems (Benke 1979, Waters 1979 ...
Soil nematode assemblages indicate the potential for
... fungal- and non-damaging plant-feeding nematodes, which will provide resources to enhance predator abundance and promote important and useful population interactions. System level regulation of soil pest species might be obtained by providing additional resources to predators through a trophic web o ...
... fungal- and non-damaging plant-feeding nematodes, which will provide resources to enhance predator abundance and promote important and useful population interactions. System level regulation of soil pest species might be obtained by providing additional resources to predators through a trophic web o ...
seagrasses
... cannot live at depths lower than where photosynthetic benefits outweigh respiratory costs. Because light transmission in water is a function of water clarity, turbidity, and sediment load, seagrass distributions are strongly affected by eutrophication and other anthropogenic effects that influence w ...
... cannot live at depths lower than where photosynthetic benefits outweigh respiratory costs. Because light transmission in water is a function of water clarity, turbidity, and sediment load, seagrass distributions are strongly affected by eutrophication and other anthropogenic effects that influence w ...
From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning
... of these relationships were often significantly different among biomes (analysis of covariance, same slopes analysis), but the proportion of total variation accounted for by biome was usually small. Intercept differences among biomes for all leaf pair relations in Table 1 usually were related to mea ...
... of these relationships were often significantly different among biomes (analysis of covariance, same slopes analysis), but the proportion of total variation accounted for by biome was usually small. Intercept differences among biomes for all leaf pair relations in Table 1 usually were related to mea ...
From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning P B. R *
... of these relationships were often significantly different among biomes (analysis of covariance, same slopes analysis), but the proportion of total variation accounted for by biome was usually small. Intercept differences among biomes for all leaf pair relations in Table 1 usually were related to mea ...
... of these relationships were often significantly different among biomes (analysis of covariance, same slopes analysis), but the proportion of total variation accounted for by biome was usually small. Intercept differences among biomes for all leaf pair relations in Table 1 usually were related to mea ...
Community secondary production as a measure of ecosystem
... survey. Fish densities and lengths in each random area were then estimated with 1-m 2 visualized quadrats using underwater visual census (UVC, Valentine-Rose et al. 2007b). Surveys were taken within 2 hrs of low tide to facilitate estimates of fish biomass, because fishes were constricted to the mai ...
... survey. Fish densities and lengths in each random area were then estimated with 1-m 2 visualized quadrats using underwater visual census (UVC, Valentine-Rose et al. 2007b). Surveys were taken within 2 hrs of low tide to facilitate estimates of fish biomass, because fishes were constricted to the mai ...
The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities
... herbivory, thus preventing significant impacts to the composition, structure, and functioning of native plant communities (Ripple and Beschta, 2004a). This top-down forcing and progression of direct and indirect effects across successively lower trophic levels represents a “trophic cascade” (Paine, 1 ...
... herbivory, thus preventing significant impacts to the composition, structure, and functioning of native plant communities (Ripple and Beschta, 2004a). This top-down forcing and progression of direct and indirect effects across successively lower trophic levels represents a “trophic cascade” (Paine, 1 ...
Primary producers sustaining macro-invertebrate
... and (2) a consistent degree of fractionation occurs between the isotopic signal of the diet and that of the consumer. For δ13C, a small or negligible enrichment of on average 0–1‰ has been found to occur (DeNiro and Epstein 1978). For δ15N, a higher fractionation of on average 2.6‰ (Owens 1987) to 3 ...
... and (2) a consistent degree of fractionation occurs between the isotopic signal of the diet and that of the consumer. For δ13C, a small or negligible enrichment of on average 0–1‰ has been found to occur (DeNiro and Epstein 1978). For δ15N, a higher fractionation of on average 2.6‰ (Owens 1987) to 3 ...
Optimization of supplementary feeding programs for European
... variation of procedures and protocols. These include the management of fenced feeding sites with abundant and predictable carrion inputs from intensive farming, to the non-removal of dead livestock on extensive farms or wild ungulates as a result of hunting activities. This diversity of approaches m ...
... variation of procedures and protocols. These include the management of fenced feeding sites with abundant and predictable carrion inputs from intensive farming, to the non-removal of dead livestock on extensive farms or wild ungulates as a result of hunting activities. This diversity of approaches m ...
Chapter 2 Distribution and Description (16 MB PDF)
... This section briefly describes the plant communities that are found in Garry Oak and associated ecosystems. It is intended to provide enough information for restoration practitioners to determine which plant communities could be developed on sites that are being restored. These communities are descr ...
... This section briefly describes the plant communities that are found in Garry Oak and associated ecosystems. It is intended to provide enough information for restoration practitioners to determine which plant communities could be developed on sites that are being restored. These communities are descr ...
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle is diverse. Agricultural and industrial nitrogen (N) inputs to the environment currently exceed inputs from natural N fixation. As a consequence of anthropogenic inputs, the global nitrogen cycle (Fig. 1) has been significantly altered over the past century. Global atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) mole fractions have increased from a pre-industrial value of ~270 nmol/mol to ~319 nmol/mol in 2005. Human activities account for over one-third of N2O emissions, most of which are due to the agricultural sector. This article is intended to give a brief review of the history of anthropogenic N inputs, and reported impacts of nitrogen inputs on selected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.