Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... before ENa is reached (9). Voltage-gated K⫹ channels, which take slightly longer than voltage-gated Na⫹ channels to open, begin to open and allow K⫹ to move out of the cell. As K⫹ leaves the cell, the membrane potential rapidly becomes more negative. This causes the repolarizing or falling phase of ...
... before ENa is reached (9). Voltage-gated K⫹ channels, which take slightly longer than voltage-gated Na⫹ channels to open, begin to open and allow K⫹ to move out of the cell. As K⫹ leaves the cell, the membrane potential rapidly becomes more negative. This causes the repolarizing or falling phase of ...
BIO 218 F 2012 Ch 15 Martini Lecture Outline
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
Nervous Tissue
... A neuron consists of a cell body where the nucleus, mitochondria, and other cell structures can be found. At one end of the neuron are the dendrites, multiples tree-like structures that acts as the receiving portion of the neuron. The other end is the axon, where the nerve impulse travels through to ...
... A neuron consists of a cell body where the nucleus, mitochondria, and other cell structures can be found. At one end of the neuron are the dendrites, multiples tree-like structures that acts as the receiving portion of the neuron. The other end is the axon, where the nerve impulse travels through to ...
The Central Nervous System
... Receptor (Sense organ) – detects stimuli Afferent (sensory neuron) – carries sensory info to CNS Ventral (anterior) root – contains motor neurons that carry motor info from CNS Spinal Nerve – contains sensory and motor neurons that carry sensory info to CNS and motor info out from CNS Somatic effect ...
... Receptor (Sense organ) – detects stimuli Afferent (sensory neuron) – carries sensory info to CNS Ventral (anterior) root – contains motor neurons that carry motor info from CNS Spinal Nerve – contains sensory and motor neurons that carry sensory info to CNS and motor info out from CNS Somatic effect ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... b. they are absolutely necessary in order for a nervous impulse to be generated c. conservation of transmitters d. to balance the endocrine system e. to produce strategic delays in impulse transmissions ...
... b. they are absolutely necessary in order for a nervous impulse to be generated c. conservation of transmitters d. to balance the endocrine system e. to produce strategic delays in impulse transmissions ...
BPPV - 4 - MM3 Admin
... the posterior canal (PC) crista into a gravity-sensitive sense organ has gained popular support, several temporal bone (TB) series have revealed similar deposits in normal TBs, suggesting they are a normal change in the aging labyrinth. Furthermore, some TBs from patients with BPPV do not contain pa ...
... the posterior canal (PC) crista into a gravity-sensitive sense organ has gained popular support, several temporal bone (TB) series have revealed similar deposits in normal TBs, suggesting they are a normal change in the aging labyrinth. Furthermore, some TBs from patients with BPPV do not contain pa ...
CHAPTER 13- The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... B) It allows an individual to maintain balance when withdrawing from harm’s way. C) It is contralateral. D) It involves only one spinal segment. E) It is polysynaptic. 43) Which of the following is NOT a reflex typically used for diagnosing neurological disorders? A) patellar reflex B) Babinski sign ...
... B) It allows an individual to maintain balance when withdrawing from harm’s way. C) It is contralateral. D) It involves only one spinal segment. E) It is polysynaptic. 43) Which of the following is NOT a reflex typically used for diagnosing neurological disorders? A) patellar reflex B) Babinski sign ...
SELECT THE ONE BEST ANSWER OR COMPLETION 1. The
... A. if only 1, 2 and 3 are correct B. if only 1 and 3 are correct C. if only 2 and 4 are Correct D. if only 4 is correct E. if all are correct 40. Hair cells of the vestibular system (1) release transmitter even when not stimulated (2) do not generate action potentials (3) have only one kinocilium pe ...
... A. if only 1, 2 and 3 are correct B. if only 1 and 3 are correct C. if only 2 and 4 are Correct D. if only 4 is correct E. if all are correct 40. Hair cells of the vestibular system (1) release transmitter even when not stimulated (2) do not generate action potentials (3) have only one kinocilium pe ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... Overview of sensorimotor processing. Example sensorimotor behavior: locust escape response. (a) As the image of a looming stimulus expands across a locust’s retina, it sequentially modulates the activity of each photoreceptor (two schematized examples shown). (b) The resulting pattern of photorecept ...
... Overview of sensorimotor processing. Example sensorimotor behavior: locust escape response. (a) As the image of a looming stimulus expands across a locust’s retina, it sequentially modulates the activity of each photoreceptor (two schematized examples shown). (b) The resulting pattern of photorecept ...
The supraspinal control of movements
... required for the execution of movements – even in those situations, when it would not be necessary under physiological circumstances • Interestingly, the chances of recovery are surprisingly – the cerebral cortex is capable of “taking over” the function of the cerebellum ...
... required for the execution of movements – even in those situations, when it would not be necessary under physiological circumstances • Interestingly, the chances of recovery are surprisingly – the cerebral cortex is capable of “taking over” the function of the cerebellum ...
Chapter 2: The synapse – regulating communication and
... presynaptic plasma membrane. When they do fuse neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft – the extracellular space between the presynaptic site at the axon terminal and the postsynaptic site on the muscle. Directly opposite the active zone, the postsynaptic muscle cell membrane holds the ...
... presynaptic plasma membrane. When they do fuse neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft – the extracellular space between the presynaptic site at the axon terminal and the postsynaptic site on the muscle. Directly opposite the active zone, the postsynaptic muscle cell membrane holds the ...
Full text PDF - Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... different cases. Morphological changes were studied in respiratory nuclei of dorsal motor centre (DMNV) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in medulla oblongata. The material from medulla oblongata was fixated in μ buffered formalin solution. Fixated material was cut in series of μ thickness, with ...
... different cases. Morphological changes were studied in respiratory nuclei of dorsal motor centre (DMNV) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in medulla oblongata. The material from medulla oblongata was fixated in μ buffered formalin solution. Fixated material was cut in series of μ thickness, with ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... 3. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, the midbrain consists mainly of the two cerebral peduncles that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem; each peduncle has three main components: tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus. a. The tegmentum is dominated by the red nucleus, whose fibers form th ...
... 3. Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, the midbrain consists mainly of the two cerebral peduncles that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem; each peduncle has three main components: tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus. a. The tegmentum is dominated by the red nucleus, whose fibers form th ...
Descending Tracts
... •The lateral reticulospinal tract: Originates from the inhibitory reticular formation of the medulla. Some fibers cross to the opposite side, but most fibers descend in the same side of the spinal cord. It inhibits the gamma motor neurons, thus inhibiting the stretch reflex and skeletal muscle tone. ...
... •The lateral reticulospinal tract: Originates from the inhibitory reticular formation of the medulla. Some fibers cross to the opposite side, but most fibers descend in the same side of the spinal cord. It inhibits the gamma motor neurons, thus inhibiting the stretch reflex and skeletal muscle tone. ...
Neurons
... • Extensively branching from the cell body • Transmit electrical signals toward the cell body • Chromatophilic bodies—only extend into the basal part of dendrites and to the base of the axon hillock ...
... • Extensively branching from the cell body • Transmit electrical signals toward the cell body • Chromatophilic bodies—only extend into the basal part of dendrites and to the base of the axon hillock ...
Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior
... system of vertebrates. They typically have a single axon and many dendritic structures emerging from various points around the cell body (Figure 2–3D). Multipolar cells vary greatly in shape, especially in the length of their axons and in the extent, dimensions, and intricacy of their dendritic bran ...
... system of vertebrates. They typically have a single axon and many dendritic structures emerging from various points around the cell body (Figure 2–3D). Multipolar cells vary greatly in shape, especially in the length of their axons and in the extent, dimensions, and intricacy of their dendritic bran ...
Sensation and Perception
... Sensation to attention to perception Transduction: sensory receptors translate physical stimulation (light, sound waves, heat, molecules) into neural signals 2) Neural pathways transmit this information to the brain 3) Rudimentary neural/mental codes, representing features in the environment, are ...
... Sensation to attention to perception Transduction: sensory receptors translate physical stimulation (light, sound waves, heat, molecules) into neural signals 2) Neural pathways transmit this information to the brain 3) Rudimentary neural/mental codes, representing features in the environment, are ...
1 also mediates MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation. In our
... symptoms generally progress rapidly leading to death within 3 to 5 years due to the loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP) constitute the second most frequent group of motor neuron diseases characterized by progressive bilateral weakness, spasticity and loss ...
... symptoms generally progress rapidly leading to death within 3 to 5 years due to the loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP) constitute the second most frequent group of motor neuron diseases characterized by progressive bilateral weakness, spasticity and loss ...
Part a - Hillsborough Community College
... • Myelin sheath—concentric layers of Schwann cell membrane ...
... • Myelin sheath—concentric layers of Schwann cell membrane ...
bupropion and the autonomic nervous system
... bodies (or neurons) that travel to a large extent with the blood vessels to all parts of the body. Through these nervous pathways, the autonomic nerves convey stimuli resulting in largely unconscious, reflex, bodily adjustments such as in the size of the pupil, the digestive functions of the stomach ...
... bodies (or neurons) that travel to a large extent with the blood vessels to all parts of the body. Through these nervous pathways, the autonomic nerves convey stimuli resulting in largely unconscious, reflex, bodily adjustments such as in the size of the pupil, the digestive functions of the stomach ...
Musculoskeletal Physiology
... spindle, located within the fleshy part of the muscle. The impulses originating from the spindle are transmitted to the CNS by fast sensory fibers that pass directly to the motor neurons which supply the same muscle. The neurotransmitter at the central synapse is glutamate. Muscle Fatigue An increas ...
... spindle, located within the fleshy part of the muscle. The impulses originating from the spindle are transmitted to the CNS by fast sensory fibers that pass directly to the motor neurons which supply the same muscle. The neurotransmitter at the central synapse is glutamate. Muscle Fatigue An increas ...
nervous system
... taking its positive charges with it, leaving the inside of the cell more negative. What if the cell was more permeable to Na+? Sodium would diffuse down its concentration gradient to the inside of the cell, taking its positive charges with it, making the inside of the cell more positive. As K+ leave ...
... taking its positive charges with it, leaving the inside of the cell more negative. What if the cell was more permeable to Na+? Sodium would diffuse down its concentration gradient to the inside of the cell, taking its positive charges with it, making the inside of the cell more positive. As K+ leave ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.