Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
Document
... Fig. 1. Display, trial events, trial structure, anatomical location of task-related neurons in the problem-solving task and taskrelated intervals. (a) Location of stimuli on the display monitor. The animal worked with three targets, upper (U), left (L) and right (R). A 4 ´ 4 mm central white square ...
... Fig. 1. Display, trial events, trial structure, anatomical location of task-related neurons in the problem-solving task and taskrelated intervals. (a) Location of stimuli on the display monitor. The animal worked with three targets, upper (U), left (L) and right (R). A 4 ´ 4 mm central white square ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... such that the more central part of each half visual field lies anteriorly, and the more peripheral part, posteriorly in the contralateral colliculus. However, in some animals (e.g., rat,1(i cat,17 squirrel, tree shrewis) the map continues anteriorly beyond the vertical midline of the visual field so ...
... such that the more central part of each half visual field lies anteriorly, and the more peripheral part, posteriorly in the contralateral colliculus. However, in some animals (e.g., rat,1(i cat,17 squirrel, tree shrewis) the map continues anteriorly beyond the vertical midline of the visual field so ...
Emotion and decision-making explained: A prEcis
... involves the combination of many features in a particular spatial relationship (Rolls, 2008; Rolls & Deco, 2002). It may be because there is less sophisticated cortical processing of visual stimuli in this way that other sensory systems are also organized more simply in rodents, with, for example, s ...
... involves the combination of many features in a particular spatial relationship (Rolls, 2008; Rolls & Deco, 2002). It may be because there is less sophisticated cortical processing of visual stimuli in this way that other sensory systems are also organized more simply in rodents, with, for example, s ...
The Neural Architecture Underlying Habit Learning: An Evolving
... degenerate by an earlier experimental lesion. This meant that there were confounds from damage to fibers just passing through the region of the lesions. And there was no good way to look at a connection 'backwards’, to identify neurons projecting to a given site in the brain. When two new methods we ...
... degenerate by an earlier experimental lesion. This meant that there were confounds from damage to fibers just passing through the region of the lesions. And there was no good way to look at a connection 'backwards’, to identify neurons projecting to a given site in the brain. When two new methods we ...
chapt10_lecture09
... Motor activity must be informed about the body’s center of gravity in order to make adjustments in the level of stimulation to muscles whose contraction prevents unstable conditions (falling). ...
... Motor activity must be informed about the body’s center of gravity in order to make adjustments in the level of stimulation to muscles whose contraction prevents unstable conditions (falling). ...
Basics of Neuroscience
... focused on holistic & visual-spatial processing • Two hemispheres work closely together & it is often hard to differentiate their different functions as brain operates • Many neural structures in evolving brain were duplicated so that there is one in each hemisphere • Usual way of talking about comp ...
... focused on holistic & visual-spatial processing • Two hemispheres work closely together & it is often hard to differentiate their different functions as brain operates • Many neural structures in evolving brain were duplicated so that there is one in each hemisphere • Usual way of talking about comp ...
Migraine photophobia originating in cone-driven
... The study included 69 migraine patients. Of these, 41 completed the psychophysical assessments during migraine. Assessments included the effects that different colours of light had on the: (i) intensity of their headache; (ii) throbbing; (iii) muscle tenderness; and (iv) cephalic areas affected by t ...
... The study included 69 migraine patients. Of these, 41 completed the psychophysical assessments during migraine. Assessments included the effects that different colours of light had on the: (i) intensity of their headache; (ii) throbbing; (iii) muscle tenderness; and (iv) cephalic areas affected by t ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... were performed by bright-field microscopy using a Leitz (ortholux) microscope. Using a camera lucida attachment, the distribution of labeled neurons was drawn from four superimposed, adjacent sections that had been processed simultaneously from control and carbachol-injected cats. Immunoreactive cel ...
... were performed by bright-field microscopy using a Leitz (ortholux) microscope. Using a camera lucida attachment, the distribution of labeled neurons was drawn from four superimposed, adjacent sections that had been processed simultaneously from control and carbachol-injected cats. Immunoreactive cel ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... (Isl1 omitted). We found that iMNs were comparable in cell body size and projection length to both E13.5 embryo- and ESC-derived motor neuron controls (Figure S2A). To determine how similar overall transcription in iMNs was to control motor neurons, we isolated the three motor neuron types by fluore ...
... (Isl1 omitted). We found that iMNs were comparable in cell body size and projection length to both E13.5 embryo- and ESC-derived motor neuron controls (Figure S2A). To determine how similar overall transcription in iMNs was to control motor neurons, we isolated the three motor neuron types by fluore ...
Cranial Nerves
... • By age 90, frontal cortex has lost half its neurons • Number of dendritic branches decreases • Decreased levels of neurotransmitters • Fading memory • Slowed responses and reflexes • Increased risk of falling • Changes in sleep patterns that result in fewer sleeping hours ...
... • By age 90, frontal cortex has lost half its neurons • Number of dendritic branches decreases • Decreased levels of neurotransmitters • Fading memory • Slowed responses and reflexes • Increased risk of falling • Changes in sleep patterns that result in fewer sleeping hours ...
Article - Dynamic Connectome Lab
... referred to as Mainen cells—with the LFPs from reduced versions of these models created using Bush and Sejnowski’s method (1993)—hereafter referred to as Bush cells. The results of these experiments are shown in Fig. 1. For each neuron type, the LFP range and magnitude in each layer for the populati ...
... referred to as Mainen cells—with the LFPs from reduced versions of these models created using Bush and Sejnowski’s method (1993)—hereafter referred to as Bush cells. The results of these experiments are shown in Fig. 1. For each neuron type, the LFP range and magnitude in each layer for the populati ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... Grasping neurons Those neurons that discharged in response to the sight of a hand approaching and grasping an object, we named 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the ...
... Grasping neurons Those neurons that discharged in response to the sight of a hand approaching and grasping an object, we named 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the ...
The auditory cortex
... shown. It is important to note that all the topographies shown (1-6) and the excitation by contralateral and ipsilateral ear (EE) and excitation by contralateral and inhibition by ipsilateral ear (EI) clusters are superimposed on every isofrequency stripe that can be considered. For better visibilit ...
... shown. It is important to note that all the topographies shown (1-6) and the excitation by contralateral and ipsilateral ear (EE) and excitation by contralateral and inhibition by ipsilateral ear (EI) clusters are superimposed on every isofrequency stripe that can be considered. For better visibilit ...
Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... redundancy of neurons early in development. These neurons compete vigorously to migrate, innervate target neurons, and drink trophic factors necessary to fuel this process. Apparently there is survival of the fittest, because 50% to 90% of many types of neurons normally die at this time of brain mat ...
... redundancy of neurons early in development. These neurons compete vigorously to migrate, innervate target neurons, and drink trophic factors necessary to fuel this process. Apparently there is survival of the fittest, because 50% to 90% of many types of neurons normally die at this time of brain mat ...
Analyzing Neural Responses to Natural Signals: Maximally
... correlations. We have in mind a model in which neurons are selective for a small number of stimulus dimensions out of a high-dimensional stimulus space, but within this subspace the responses can be arbitrarily nonlinear. Existing analysis methods are based on correlation functions between stimuli a ...
... correlations. We have in mind a model in which neurons are selective for a small number of stimulus dimensions out of a high-dimensional stimulus space, but within this subspace the responses can be arbitrarily nonlinear. Existing analysis methods are based on correlation functions between stimuli a ...
Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the
... data sets (such as a video recording and computed velocity) easily can be analysed simultaneously. This is of great help when trying to find when the rat is moving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A perievent time histogram shows a neuron activity during a certain type of event. . . ...
... data sets (such as a video recording and computed velocity) easily can be analysed simultaneously. This is of great help when trying to find when the rat is moving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A perievent time histogram shows a neuron activity during a certain type of event. . . ...
Editorial overview: Development and regeneration: Nervous system
... of multiple signaling pathways acting during the same developmental time window, and highlight the importance of identifying the functional consequences of these interactions. In a second set of reviews, the authors reveal how manipulation on the level of the cell surface ligands and receptors can l ...
... of multiple signaling pathways acting during the same developmental time window, and highlight the importance of identifying the functional consequences of these interactions. In a second set of reviews, the authors reveal how manipulation on the level of the cell surface ligands and receptors can l ...
Effects of Early Monocular Deprivation on Visual
... DUE LARGELY TO the pioneering work of Wiesel and Hubel (10, 1I, 24, 25), we have been aware for some time of many functiunal effects of early visual deprivation at the single-neuron level. Their results from normal, monocularly deprived (MD), and binocularly deprived (BD) cats have demonstrated that ...
... DUE LARGELY TO the pioneering work of Wiesel and Hubel (10, 1I, 24, 25), we have been aware for some time of many functiunal effects of early visual deprivation at the single-neuron level. Their results from normal, monocularly deprived (MD), and binocularly deprived (BD) cats have demonstrated that ...
Localization of Cognitive Operations
... be performed on them separately has been basic to many theories of reading and listening (7). Thus the operation of rotating a letter to the upright position is thought to be performed on the visual code (9), whereas matching to determine if two words rhyme is said to be performed on a phonological ...
... be performed on them separately has been basic to many theories of reading and listening (7). Thus the operation of rotating a letter to the upright position is thought to be performed on the visual code (9), whereas matching to determine if two words rhyme is said to be performed on a phonological ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... The ventral stream – transmitted through the inferotemporal cortex – is the putative ‘what’ pathway. These cortical areas analyze the visual signals to derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as dist ...
... The ventral stream – transmitted through the inferotemporal cortex – is the putative ‘what’ pathway. These cortical areas analyze the visual signals to derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as dist ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
Scaling self-organizing maps to model large cortical networks
... Thus small maps, which are much quicker to simulate and take less memory, can be used to establish global order, with larger maps used only to achieve more detailed structure. Although the primary motivation for GLISSOM is computational, the scaling process is also well-motivated biologically, since ...
... Thus small maps, which are much quicker to simulate and take less memory, can be used to establish global order, with larger maps used only to achieve more detailed structure. Although the primary motivation for GLISSOM is computational, the scaling process is also well-motivated biologically, since ...
Organization of Motor Systems
... the smallest cell bodies belong to motorneurons that serve type I units, the next size category serves Type IIa units, and the largest sizes serve Type IIb units • As muscular effort is increased, additional units are recruited in the order • I IIa IIb • Probably in learned, high-speed activities, i ...
... the smallest cell bodies belong to motorneurons that serve type I units, the next size category serves Type IIa units, and the largest sizes serve Type IIb units • As muscular effort is increased, additional units are recruited in the order • I IIa IIb • Probably in learned, high-speed activities, i ...
Nervous System - Alamo Colleges
... These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects ...
... These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects ...