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... for an interactive integration of top-down attention (both position-based and object-based) and recognition. Rather than the simulations of fMRI data, the engineering performance of recognition rate and attended spatial locations are presented in the experiment. However, the bottom-up featurebased a ...
... for an interactive integration of top-down attention (both position-based and object-based) and recognition. Rather than the simulations of fMRI data, the engineering performance of recognition rate and attended spatial locations are presented in the experiment. However, the bottom-up featurebased a ...
Myotatic Reflex
... NOTE: Inhibitory synapses behave like excitatory ones, except that they produce IPSPs that hyperpolarize the soma and cancel EPSPs). Neuronal output: • an action potential (AP) originates at the initial segment of the axon where high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels are present; • the ...
... NOTE: Inhibitory synapses behave like excitatory ones, except that they produce IPSPs that hyperpolarize the soma and cancel EPSPs). Neuronal output: • an action potential (AP) originates at the initial segment of the axon where high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels are present; • the ...
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... function of rewards during olfactory conditioning (Hammer 1993, 1997) is probably involved. Since Mauelshagen (1993) suggested that response modulations of the PE1-neuron may be due to altered input from presynaptic Kenyon cells, one may hypothesise that altering the amount of inhibition within the ...
... function of rewards during olfactory conditioning (Hammer 1993, 1997) is probably involved. Since Mauelshagen (1993) suggested that response modulations of the PE1-neuron may be due to altered input from presynaptic Kenyon cells, one may hypothesise that altering the amount of inhibition within the ...
Competitive Dynamics in Cortical Responses to Visual Stimuli
... pools of 40 neurons each (Fig. 2A). Increases beyond this number had no appreciable effect on the results. Varying the numbers of inhibitory versus excitatory neurons also did not alter the qualitative results. Excitatory cells were coupled by ␣-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMP ...
... pools of 40 neurons each (Fig. 2A). Increases beyond this number had no appreciable effect on the results. Varying the numbers of inhibitory versus excitatory neurons also did not alter the qualitative results. Excitatory cells were coupled by ␣-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMP ...
[ 181 Dynamic Imaging of Neuronal Cytoskeleton
... elements requires at least 10 hr whereas microinjected cytoskeletal probes are incorporated within 1 hr. 21'22 Thls is an important advantage for studying precisely timed developmental events such as polarization, axon branching, and growth cone dynamics. Third, if labeling of two or more intracellu ...
... elements requires at least 10 hr whereas microinjected cytoskeletal probes are incorporated within 1 hr. 21'22 Thls is an important advantage for studying precisely timed developmental events such as polarization, axon branching, and growth cone dynamics. Third, if labeling of two or more intracellu ...
- AVMA Journals Online
... the thick bundles of the oculomotor fibers, which were seen crossing the RN for approximately 4,000 μm cranially. The maximum width (approx 4 mm) of the RN was located approximately 1,200 μm cranially from its caudal end. At this level, the RN was irregular or oval with its long axis ventrolaterally ...
... the thick bundles of the oculomotor fibers, which were seen crossing the RN for approximately 4,000 μm cranially. The maximum width (approx 4 mm) of the RN was located approximately 1,200 μm cranially from its caudal end. At this level, the RN was irregular or oval with its long axis ventrolaterally ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... Pyramidal neurons in the subiculum typically display either bursting or regular-spiking behaviour. Although this classification into two neuronal classes is well described, it is unknown how these two classes of neurons contribute to the integration of input to the subiculum. Here, we report that bu ...
... Pyramidal neurons in the subiculum typically display either bursting or regular-spiking behaviour. Although this classification into two neuronal classes is well described, it is unknown how these two classes of neurons contribute to the integration of input to the subiculum. Here, we report that bu ...
Linking Genetically Defined Neurons to Behavior through a Broadly
... 5HT immunodetection), suggesting a tox-dependent build-up of 5HT-loaded vesicles and diminished neurotransmitter release. Both kinds of varicosities (Agnati et al., 2006) were likely affected: those at the axon terminal involved in synaptic vesicular neurotransmission, as well as those along the axo ...
... 5HT immunodetection), suggesting a tox-dependent build-up of 5HT-loaded vesicles and diminished neurotransmitter release. Both kinds of varicosities (Agnati et al., 2006) were likely affected: those at the axon terminal involved in synaptic vesicular neurotransmission, as well as those along the axo ...
Title Goes here
... Zn2+ release during ischemia Epileptic Models- Is Zn2+ excitatory or inhibitory? Long Term Potentiation ...
... Zn2+ release during ischemia Epileptic Models- Is Zn2+ excitatory or inhibitory? Long Term Potentiation ...
Dynamics of Spontaneous Activity in Neocortical Slices
... stimulations. At the same time, EPSPs and IPSPs are routinely recorded intracellularly from neurons in slices even under conditions in which the slice is not stimulated. This suggests that some neurons in a “resting” brain slice must be active spontaneously and raises the issues of what is the natur ...
... stimulations. At the same time, EPSPs and IPSPs are routinely recorded intracellularly from neurons in slices even under conditions in which the slice is not stimulated. This suggests that some neurons in a “resting” brain slice must be active spontaneously and raises the issues of what is the natur ...
It`s Got A Beat, and You Can Think to It
... gaps called synapses. Roughly speaking, when an excitatory neuron “fires” (that is, when the voltage across its membrane spikes), the neurotransmitters it spews at its synapses lift the neighboring neurons toward their own firing thresholds. Conversely, an inhibitory neuron tends to depress the cell ...
... gaps called synapses. Roughly speaking, when an excitatory neuron “fires” (that is, when the voltage across its membrane spikes), the neurotransmitters it spews at its synapses lift the neighboring neurons toward their own firing thresholds. Conversely, an inhibitory neuron tends to depress the cell ...
Neuroscience - Thermo Fisher Scientific
... studies, Neurobasal medium was developed by optimizing concentrations of the components found in D–MEM:F12 but absent from D–MEM: alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, proline, and vitamin B12 (2). In addition, osmolality, glutamine, and sodium bicarbonate concentrations were optimized. Neurobas ...
... studies, Neurobasal medium was developed by optimizing concentrations of the components found in D–MEM:F12 but absent from D–MEM: alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, proline, and vitamin B12 (2). In addition, osmolality, glutamine, and sodium bicarbonate concentrations were optimized. Neurobas ...
Philosophy of Mind and Neuroscience: the Case of Mirror Neurons
... It seems to me that these distinctive features of the concept of psychophysical supervenience are fully consistent in a theoretical way with the functioning of mirror neurons and the “mirror system”, according to which perceptual and cognitive processes are realized on the same neural circuitry of ...
... It seems to me that these distinctive features of the concept of psychophysical supervenience are fully consistent in a theoretical way with the functioning of mirror neurons and the “mirror system”, according to which perceptual and cognitive processes are realized on the same neural circuitry of ...
Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation
... afebrile conditions, because some substances such as cholecyctokinin and leptin activate the vagus nerve. Although the functional role for this response is still obscure, the vagus may transfer nutritional and / or metabolic signals to the brain, affecting metabolism and body temperature. 2000 Els ...
... afebrile conditions, because some substances such as cholecyctokinin and leptin activate the vagus nerve. Although the functional role for this response is still obscure, the vagus may transfer nutritional and / or metabolic signals to the brain, affecting metabolism and body temperature. 2000 Els ...
1. Materials and Methods
... post-hoc analyses were performed to check differences between individual conditions. In particular, a comparison of the responses to the best and less effective action during the late epoch of the sound-only condition was used to test if a neuron could differentiate between two actions based on soun ...
... post-hoc analyses were performed to check differences between individual conditions. In particular, a comparison of the responses to the best and less effective action during the late epoch of the sound-only condition was used to test if a neuron could differentiate between two actions based on soun ...
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... The following technical characteristics required by developmental learning make such work challenging: (1) Integrate both bottom-up and top-down attention; (2) Integrate attentionbased recognition and object-based spacial attention interactively; (3) Enable supervised and unsupervised learning in an ...
... The following technical characteristics required by developmental learning make such work challenging: (1) Integrate both bottom-up and top-down attention; (2) Integrate attentionbased recognition and object-based spacial attention interactively; (3) Enable supervised and unsupervised learning in an ...
Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... neurons, can occur in mature human brains, it is perhaps equally shocking that - periodically throughout the life cycle and under certain specific conditions - neurons decide to kill themselves in a type of molecular hari-kari called apoptosis (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-10). In fact, up to 90% of the ...
... neurons, can occur in mature human brains, it is perhaps equally shocking that - periodically throughout the life cycle and under certain specific conditions - neurons decide to kill themselves in a type of molecular hari-kari called apoptosis (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-10). In fact, up to 90% of the ...
Functional Synaptic Contacts by Intranuclear
... the basis of their location during recording (i.e., within a laminae rather than interlaminar), and this was verified by locating a subpopulation of 14 of these cells after biocytin labeling (Fig. 2). Every one of these cells had morphological characteristics of intralaminar interneurons, including ...
... the basis of their location during recording (i.e., within a laminae rather than interlaminar), and this was verified by locating a subpopulation of 14 of these cells after biocytin labeling (Fig. 2). Every one of these cells had morphological characteristics of intralaminar interneurons, including ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.