Refinement by interpretation in a general setting
... Can this approach be generalized to arbitrary logic systems? What properties will remain valid? What can be expected from such a generalization relevant to the pragmatics of algebraic specification? Such are the questions addressed in the present paper, motivated by a well-known engineering concern: ...
... Can this approach be generalized to arbitrary logic systems? What properties will remain valid? What can be expected from such a generalization relevant to the pragmatics of algebraic specification? Such are the questions addressed in the present paper, motivated by a well-known engineering concern: ...
![A NOTE ON A THEOREM OF AX 1. Introduction In [1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/002606018_1-a040f94f7e203e575591799a9dc26ca7-300x300.png)
On the equivalence between algorithms for non
... [1, 2]. Ding and colleagues [3] demonstrate that both NMF and PLSI optimize the same objective function. Although LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) be a full Bayesian counterpart and maximum-a-posteriori view of PLSI [4], the equivalence between NMF and LDA is not well defined. However, there are evi ...
... [1, 2]. Ding and colleagues [3] demonstrate that both NMF and PLSI optimize the same objective function. Although LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) be a full Bayesian counterpart and maximum-a-posteriori view of PLSI [4], the equivalence between NMF and LDA is not well defined. However, there are evi ...
![(January 14, 2009) [08.1] Let R be a principal ideal domain. Let I be](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/006005520_1-5192ab5794c8b33a00720a831d1a8a33-300x300.png)
Equation
In mathematics, an equation is an equality containing one or more variables. Solving the equation consists of determining which values of the variables make the equality true. In this situation, variables are also known as unknowns and the values which satisfy the equality are known as solutions. An equation differs from an identity in that an equation is not necessarily true for all possible values of the variable.There are many types of equations, and they are found in all areas of mathematics; the techniques used to examine them differ according to their type.Algebra studies two main families of equations: polynomial equations and, among them, linear equations. Polynomial equations have the form P(X) = 0, where P is a polynomial. Linear equations have the form a(x) + b = 0, where a is a linear function and b is a vector. To solve them, one uses algorithmic or geometric techniques, coming from linear algebra or mathematical analysis. Changing the domain of a function can change the problem considerably. Algebra also studies Diophantine equations where the coefficients and solutions are integers. The techniques used are different and come from number theory. These equations are difficult in general; one often searches just to find the existence or absence of a solution, and, if they exist, to count the number of solutions.Geometry uses equations to describe geometric figures. The objective is now different, as equations are used to describe geometric properties. In this context, there are two large families of equations, Cartesian equations and parametric equations.Differential equations are equations involving one or more functions and their derivatives. They are solved by finding an expression for the function that does not involve derivatives. Differential equations are used to model real-life processes in areas such as physics, chemistry, biology, and economics.The ""="" symbol was invented by Robert Recorde (1510–1558), who considered that nothing could be more equal than parallel straight lines with the same length.