Histological Rearrangement in the Facial Nerve and Central Nuclei
... distributed diffusely in both the hypoglossal and facial nuclei without specific localization. If the RFNB was cut (2 animals in each group) prior to application of HRP, no HRP-labelled neurons could be found in the facial nucleus. Animals with no RFNB demonstrated a similar ...
... distributed diffusely in both the hypoglossal and facial nuclei without specific localization. If the RFNB was cut (2 animals in each group) prior to application of HRP, no HRP-labelled neurons could be found in the facial nucleus. Animals with no RFNB demonstrated a similar ...
A soft-wired hypothalamus
... an intriguing redundancy. This is reflected by the ability of a feeding circuit to rearrange itself to maintain its prior level of output even if one of the components of the normal signaling modality is removed. This indicates that the interactions of hypothalamic neuronal circuits have substantial ...
... an intriguing redundancy. This is reflected by the ability of a feeding circuit to rearrange itself to maintain its prior level of output even if one of the components of the normal signaling modality is removed. This indicates that the interactions of hypothalamic neuronal circuits have substantial ...
05. Motor Pathways 2011.jnt
... 1. The cell body of a lower motor neuron is in the CNS … either the ventral horn gray matter of the spinal cord or cranial nerve motor nuclei. 2. The "Final Common Path". All processing and commands arising in the brain must be conveyed to a single target, the large, alpha motor neurons. The efferen ...
... 1. The cell body of a lower motor neuron is in the CNS … either the ventral horn gray matter of the spinal cord or cranial nerve motor nuclei. 2. The "Final Common Path". All processing and commands arising in the brain must be conveyed to a single target, the large, alpha motor neurons. The efferen ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... sistances were 5–9 M⍀. The internal solution contained the following (in mM): 140 K-gluconate, 2 MgCl2, 0.1 CaCl2, 10 HEPES, 1 EGTA, 2 ATPNa2, and 0.1 GTP-Na2, pH 7.3. To block unclamped Na ⫹ currents, 5 mM lidocaine N-ethyl bromide (QX-314; Sigma-RBI) was added to the internal solution. The liquid ...
... sistances were 5–9 M⍀. The internal solution contained the following (in mM): 140 K-gluconate, 2 MgCl2, 0.1 CaCl2, 10 HEPES, 1 EGTA, 2 ATPNa2, and 0.1 GTP-Na2, pH 7.3. To block unclamped Na ⫹ currents, 5 mM lidocaine N-ethyl bromide (QX-314; Sigma-RBI) was added to the internal solution. The liquid ...
damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... other words, once the stimulus is above threshold, the amplitude of the response no longer reflects the amplitude of the stimulus. (45) The phenomenon of passive spread (as will be discussed in more details later), allows the propagation of action potential along the axon and the transfer of informa ...
... other words, once the stimulus is above threshold, the amplitude of the response no longer reflects the amplitude of the stimulus. (45) The phenomenon of passive spread (as will be discussed in more details later), allows the propagation of action potential along the axon and the transfer of informa ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... (1843–1956) who developed method for visualization of neurons which lead Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to propose the concept that the nervous system is made of individual units and not just continuous mass of tissue (neuron doctrine) (Ramon y Cajal, 1888). To him, neurons in the brain appeare ...
... (1843–1956) who developed method for visualization of neurons which lead Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) to propose the concept that the nervous system is made of individual units and not just continuous mass of tissue (neuron doctrine) (Ramon y Cajal, 1888). To him, neurons in the brain appeare ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Exchange of Na+ and K+ repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores ions to their original location Protein pump in the membrane ...
... Exchange of Na+ and K+ repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores ions to their original location Protein pump in the membrane ...
W3005 1/29/0 Prof
... formation of specific connections between nerve cells, the basic “wiring diagram” of the brain. Navigation results in an initial mapping of neurons to their targets; synaptic connections are further refined by experience (activity). Mutants that are deficient axon migration are neurologically abnorm ...
... formation of specific connections between nerve cells, the basic “wiring diagram” of the brain. Navigation results in an initial mapping of neurons to their targets; synaptic connections are further refined by experience (activity). Mutants that are deficient axon migration are neurologically abnorm ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... types of neuron, having branches that are extensive yet limited to the region (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008; Raghu and Borst, 2011; Raghu et al., 2011, 2013). Few of their arborizations display layer specificity (e.g., Dm1 and Dm6 in M1; Pm1 and Pm2 in M9), leaving open th ...
... types of neuron, having branches that are extensive yet limited to the region (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Morante and Desplan, 2008; Raghu and Borst, 2011; Raghu et al., 2011, 2013). Few of their arborizations display layer specificity (e.g., Dm1 and Dm6 in M1; Pm1 and Pm2 in M9), leaving open th ...
The Torah of Life - The Torah Science Foundation
... will to God’s makes for a healthy soul. God tells us what we may eat and what we may not. By obeying His will and making His will our will, we strengthen our souls. A strong soul strengthens the body in which it resides. There are mammals that are kosher and those that are not. The same goes for bir ...
... will to God’s makes for a healthy soul. God tells us what we may eat and what we may not. By obeying His will and making His will our will, we strengthen our souls. A strong soul strengthens the body in which it resides. There are mammals that are kosher and those that are not. The same goes for bir ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... having a minimum number of genes defining the properties of the network, instead of having a one to one relationship between genotype and phenotype. Specific groups of genes can influence several otherwise unrelated phenotypic traits, so that the dimension of the genotype can be quite independent of ...
... having a minimum number of genes defining the properties of the network, instead of having a one to one relationship between genotype and phenotype. Specific groups of genes can influence several otherwise unrelated phenotypic traits, so that the dimension of the genotype can be quite independent of ...
T3 Final Paper - Drew University
... input. In contrast to previous recordings conducted in the lab, none of the cells recorded showed clear patterned responses to any of the odors presented, suggesting that they were not tuned. However, a more clear relationship between the peak of the LFP signal and the firing of an action potential ...
... input. In contrast to previous recordings conducted in the lab, none of the cells recorded showed clear patterned responses to any of the odors presented, suggesting that they were not tuned. However, a more clear relationship between the peak of the LFP signal and the firing of an action potential ...
asgn2a -- NERVOUS SYSTEM - Indiana University Bloomington
... code or represent psychological and behavioral processes?" For example, what happens in the brain that: 1. lets you remember the practical joke you pulled on your brother last year, or that elephants live in Africa and South Asia? 2. makes you feel happy or sad? 3. lets you anticipate (~expect) the ...
... code or represent psychological and behavioral processes?" For example, what happens in the brain that: 1. lets you remember the practical joke you pulled on your brother last year, or that elephants live in Africa and South Asia? 2. makes you feel happy or sad? 3. lets you anticipate (~expect) the ...
Physiologically-Inspired Model for the Visual Tuning Properties of
... of three-dimensional structure, in particular from monocular image sequences, is a difficult computational problem. A large body of results on the recognition of static shapes suggests that the visual system might not reconstruct the full 3D structure of recognized objects. Instead, it seems to base ...
... of three-dimensional structure, in particular from monocular image sequences, is a difficult computational problem. A large body of results on the recognition of static shapes suggests that the visual system might not reconstruct the full 3D structure of recognized objects. Instead, it seems to base ...
Neurobilogy of Sleep
... serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and histamine (HA). • Neurons are often characterized with respect to sleep by when they are most active. Some neurons are active during wake, during rapid eye movement (REM) only (REM-on), during REM and wake (wake/REM-on), during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) only ( ...
... serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and histamine (HA). • Neurons are often characterized with respect to sleep by when they are most active. Some neurons are active during wake, during rapid eye movement (REM) only (REM-on), during REM and wake (wake/REM-on), during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) only ( ...
Transgenic Targeting of Recombinant Rabies Virus Reveals
... specifically for tight transcriptional control. The resulting construct was cut and gel-purified for pronuclear injection. For the transactivator lines, a plasmid containing the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II ␣ subunit (CK2) promoter driving a codon-optimized tetracycline transactivator (tTA ...
... specifically for tight transcriptional control. The resulting construct was cut and gel-purified for pronuclear injection. For the transactivator lines, a plasmid containing the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II ␣ subunit (CK2) promoter driving a codon-optimized tetracycline transactivator (tTA ...
Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour
... and the kind of temporal encoding it affords provide an additional dimension by which the brain could segment spatially overlapping stimulus representations. Investigation of olfactory processing in the locust antennal lobe—a functional and morphological analogue of the vertebrate olfactory bulb—has ...
... and the kind of temporal encoding it affords provide an additional dimension by which the brain could segment spatially overlapping stimulus representations. Investigation of olfactory processing in the locust antennal lobe—a functional and morphological analogue of the vertebrate olfactory bulb—has ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
... I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the EAP with matching the intracellular action potential (IAP). I find that the IAP method underconstrains the parameters. The distinguishing characteristics of the EAP constrain the parameters and are fairly invariant to electrode position and ce ...
... I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the EAP with matching the intracellular action potential (IAP). I find that the IAP method underconstrains the parameters. The distinguishing characteristics of the EAP constrain the parameters and are fairly invariant to electrode position and ce ...
Cell-Type Specific Properties of Pyramidal
... correlating parameters from individual studies. The identification of genetically labeled neurons throughout the neocortex enabled in the present work the combined study of many parameters and their dependency on the sensory modality. We have characterized 2 populations of L5 pyramidal neurons geneti ...
... correlating parameters from individual studies. The identification of genetically labeled neurons throughout the neocortex enabled in the present work the combined study of many parameters and their dependency on the sensory modality. We have characterized 2 populations of L5 pyramidal neurons geneti ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... situation. In the present study the reliability of neural coding was investigated for an identified neuron in the pathway processing visual motion information of the fly (Lucilia cuprina). The stimuli used to investigate the neuronal performance were not exclusively defined by the experimenter. Inst ...
... situation. In the present study the reliability of neural coding was investigated for an identified neuron in the pathway processing visual motion information of the fly (Lucilia cuprina). The stimuli used to investigate the neuronal performance were not exclusively defined by the experimenter. Inst ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... moderate level of EMG activity, and little or no EOG and PGO wave activity (Figures 2, 3). The group mean spontaneous spike rate for the same SRT neurons measured 19.1 spikes/s±3.5 (range: 5.2-41.4) and did not significantly differ from values obtained during quiet wakefulness, (p>0.05). The state o ...
... moderate level of EMG activity, and little or no EOG and PGO wave activity (Figures 2, 3). The group mean spontaneous spike rate for the same SRT neurons measured 19.1 spikes/s±3.5 (range: 5.2-41.4) and did not significantly differ from values obtained during quiet wakefulness, (p>0.05). The state o ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... the giant cells, and summation of only two or three such potentials is sufficient to trigger an action potential (Wilson, 1993). Hence, these depolarizing potentials appear to be instrumental not only in the generation of the tonic irregular firing pattern observed in giant cells in vivo (Wilson et ...
... the giant cells, and summation of only two or three such potentials is sufficient to trigger an action potential (Wilson, 1993). Hence, these depolarizing potentials appear to be instrumental not only in the generation of the tonic irregular firing pattern observed in giant cells in vivo (Wilson et ...
Complex Cell-like Direction Selectivity through Spike
... transmission based on properties of AMPA and GABA, (yaminobutyric acid A) receptors as determined from wholecell recordings (see Methods). Neurons in the network were exposed to 100 trials of retinotopic sensory input consisting of moving pulses of excitation in the rightward direction (5 ms pulse o ...
... transmission based on properties of AMPA and GABA, (yaminobutyric acid A) receptors as determined from wholecell recordings (see Methods). Neurons in the network were exposed to 100 trials of retinotopic sensory input consisting of moving pulses of excitation in the rightward direction (5 ms pulse o ...
Olfactory CO2 chemoreceptors in amphibians, reptiles, and
... expired air) have been shown to stimulate a subset of olfactory receptor neurons , while noxious CO2 concentrations (25% or above) are known to stimulate trigeminal nerve endings in the nasal epithelia . Although the mechanism by which CO2 stimulates olfactory receptors or trigeminal nerve endings i ...
... expired air) have been shown to stimulate a subset of olfactory receptor neurons , while noxious CO2 concentrations (25% or above) are known to stimulate trigeminal nerve endings in the nasal epithelia . Although the mechanism by which CO2 stimulates olfactory receptors or trigeminal nerve endings i ...
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: the same, but different?
... of mutations in these disease-causing genes may have radically different consequences. A key consideration is whether these phenotypes observed in mice are also present in a more complex CNS (central nervous system), most importantly in the human disease. In this respect, large animal models of NCL ...
... of mutations in these disease-causing genes may have radically different consequences. A key consideration is whether these phenotypes observed in mice are also present in a more complex CNS (central nervous system), most importantly in the human disease. In this respect, large animal models of NCL ...