- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... causation are the Austronesian language Paamese and Yoruba (Crowley, 1987). Other languages use periphrastic constructions, generally with two verbs in distinct clauses. Different languages have different roles for these clauses. Some languages, like Macushi, mark the causee for its ...
... causation are the Austronesian language Paamese and Yoruba (Crowley, 1987). Other languages use periphrastic constructions, generally with two verbs in distinct clauses. Different languages have different roles for these clauses. Some languages, like Macushi, mark the causee for its ...
The Debate on Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic Norh
... Before turning to the synchronic analysis of this system, a few words about how all this occurred. Clearly, it is not the case that the Classical Aramaic imperfective prefix hopped over the stem to turn into a suffix, nor is it the case that the Classical Aramaic perfective subjectagreement affix tu ...
... Before turning to the synchronic analysis of this system, a few words about how all this occurred. Clearly, it is not the case that the Classical Aramaic imperfective prefix hopped over the stem to turn into a suffix, nor is it the case that the Classical Aramaic perfective subjectagreement affix tu ...
Re-discovering the Quechua adjective
... excerpt from the first Quechua grammar (1560), Santo Tomás gives an ambiguous account of a nombre (“name”) class with substantivo (“substantive/noun”) and adjectivo (“adjective”) subclasses whose semantics correspond with Spanish nouns and adjectives. Acerca de la primera parte de la oración (que es ...
... excerpt from the first Quechua grammar (1560), Santo Tomás gives an ambiguous account of a nombre (“name”) class with substantivo (“substantive/noun”) and adjectivo (“adjective”) subclasses whose semantics correspond with Spanish nouns and adjectives. Acerca de la primera parte de la oración (que es ...
PDF - Routledge Handbooks Online
... Spanish is by far the most widely spoken of the modern Romance languages, and as an international vehicle for commerce and diplomacy is fast encroaching on the preeminent position long enjoyed by French. (Details of its geographical distribution together with speaker statistics will be found in Chap ...
... Spanish is by far the most widely spoken of the modern Romance languages, and as an international vehicle for commerce and diplomacy is fast encroaching on the preeminent position long enjoyed by French. (Details of its geographical distribution together with speaker statistics will be found in Chap ...
The full extent of `Fusion`: A test case for connectivity and language
... conservative modern Indo-Aryan languages, retaining for instance to a considerable extent the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense conjugation and the Middle Indo-Aryan subjunctive and synthetic passive. The Indic features of Domari include a core lexicon (around 50% of the Swadesh-list is an indicator), ...
... conservative modern Indo-Aryan languages, retaining for instance to a considerable extent the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense conjugation and the Middle Indo-Aryan subjunctive and synthetic passive. The Indic features of Domari include a core lexicon (around 50% of the Swadesh-list is an indicator), ...
This chapter makes theoretical contributions to construction grammar
... handle in the framework of construction grammar, but this issue goes beyond the scope of our article, which focuses on Russian rather than English. A highly inflected language, such as Russian, clearly marks elements in terms of their roles in a construction, relegating word order to pragmatic funct ...
... handle in the framework of construction grammar, but this issue goes beyond the scope of our article, which focuses on Russian rather than English. A highly inflected language, such as Russian, clearly marks elements in terms of their roles in a construction, relegating word order to pragmatic funct ...
The Computer Project
... If the time of the past action is definite, we can never use present perfect tense. Instead, the simple past tense should be used. Moreover, present perfect tense is used with before, lately and recently etc. These words show indefinite time, for example, •There have been a lot of changes recently. ...
... If the time of the past action is definite, we can never use present perfect tense. Instead, the simple past tense should be used. Moreover, present perfect tense is used with before, lately and recently etc. These words show indefinite time, for example, •There have been a lot of changes recently. ...
Exercise Set 3.5
... future perfect ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ Complete the following declensions. ...
... future perfect ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________________ Complete the following declensions. ...
The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
... This book, derived from the acclaimed Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, describes the ancient languages of Asia and the Americas, for the convenience of students and specialists working in that area. Each chapter of the work focuses on an individual language or, in some instan ...
... This book, derived from the acclaimed Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, describes the ancient languages of Asia and the Americas, for the convenience of students and specialists working in that area. Each chapter of the work focuses on an individual language or, in some instan ...
Computer-aided armchair linguistics
... that we need to appeal to the kind of intuitive knowledge of their language possessed only by native speakers, "the people who know not only what one can say in the language, but also what one cannot say. And as Long as we've got that, we don't need anything else. To the second group of linguists I ...
... that we need to appeal to the kind of intuitive knowledge of their language possessed only by native speakers, "the people who know not only what one can say in the language, but also what one cannot say. And as Long as we've got that, we don't need anything else. To the second group of linguists I ...
Translation of Noun Phrases With a Zero Actualizer as a Direct
... Indefiniteness in the Russian Language The referential approach as the main factor in the analysis of the definiteness/indefiniteness category is not the only one. Thus, for example, there is intonation, word order, the lexical and semantic category of a noun (animate/inanimate, countable/uncountabl ...
... Indefiniteness in the Russian Language The referential approach as the main factor in the analysis of the definiteness/indefiniteness category is not the only one. Thus, for example, there is intonation, word order, the lexical and semantic category of a noun (animate/inanimate, countable/uncountabl ...
What Are Irregular Verbs?
... Phrasal Verbs ...............................................................................................................................................................24 What are Phrasal Verbs? .................................................................................................... ...
... Phrasal Verbs ...............................................................................................................................................................24 What are Phrasal Verbs? .................................................................................................... ...
Kokborok, a short analysis - Hal-SHS
... person' or ang kolok ‘I am tall', but you cannot asy *ang phwrwng ‘I teach'. You have to say ang phwrwngo. This means that words like borok or kolok are actually nouns (even if ‘tall' is not a noun in English, but an adjective), while phwrwng is a verb, and cannot be found alone: with a verb, you mu ...
... person' or ang kolok ‘I am tall', but you cannot asy *ang phwrwng ‘I teach'. You have to say ang phwrwngo. This means that words like borok or kolok are actually nouns (even if ‘tall' is not a noun in English, but an adjective), while phwrwng is a verb, and cannot be found alone: with a verb, you mu ...
The Relevance of Syncretisms in the Context of Null Subject Licensing
... In German, the particular syncretic (1st/3rd person) forms are not in competition, because they are associated with different phenomena (out of the blue drop vs topic drop) As a consequence, syncretisms between the 1st and the 3rd person do not matter in German; however they crucially prohibit n ...
... In German, the particular syncretic (1st/3rd person) forms are not in competition, because they are associated with different phenomena (out of the blue drop vs topic drop) As a consequence, syncretisms between the 1st and the 3rd person do not matter in German; however they crucially prohibit n ...
Does Korean have adjectives?*
... This paper is an attempt to show that Korean indeed lacks a distinct class of Adjective. I argue that what have been traditionally analyzed as adjectives are in fact stative Verbs, and those that seemingly occur attributively are predicates inside relative clauses (RCs) This paper is organized as f ...
... This paper is an attempt to show that Korean indeed lacks a distinct class of Adjective. I argue that what have been traditionally analyzed as adjectives are in fact stative Verbs, and those that seemingly occur attributively are predicates inside relative clauses (RCs) This paper is organized as f ...
Verbals
... Their functions, however, overlap. Gerunds always function as nouns, but infinitives often also serve as nouns. Deciding which to use can be confusing in many situations, especially for people whose first language is not English. Confusion between gerunds and infinitives occurs primarily in cases i ...
... Their functions, however, overlap. Gerunds always function as nouns, but infinitives often also serve as nouns. Deciding which to use can be confusing in many situations, especially for people whose first language is not English. Confusion between gerunds and infinitives occurs primarily in cases i ...
Personal Pronouns
... Personal Pronouns Unlike English nouns, which usually do not change form except for the addition of an -s ending to create the plural or the apostrophe + s to create the possessive, personal pronouns (which stand for persons or things) change form according to their various uses within a sentence. T ...
... Personal Pronouns Unlike English nouns, which usually do not change form except for the addition of an -s ending to create the plural or the apostrophe + s to create the possessive, personal pronouns (which stand for persons or things) change form according to their various uses within a sentence. T ...
scheme of work gr 7-11
... Talk about different means of transport Say what you are going (and not going) to do Say when you are going to do something Describe a town or region and say what you can do there Talk about what you can and can’t do Ask permission to do something Read and write holiday postcards ...
... Talk about different means of transport Say what you are going (and not going) to do Say when you are going to do something Describe a town or region and say what you can do there Talk about what you can and can’t do Ask permission to do something Read and write holiday postcards ...
Pronouns - OpenWriting.Org
... Exercise: Pronoun Antecedents Correct each use of pronouns below to agree with its antecedent. 1. If people think they will succeed, he or she will. Antecedent ___________ Correct Pronoun ________________ 2. Each soldier has their own backpack with lots of gear in it. Antecedent ___________ Correct ...
... Exercise: Pronoun Antecedents Correct each use of pronouns below to agree with its antecedent. 1. If people think they will succeed, he or she will. Antecedent ___________ Correct Pronoun ________________ 2. Each soldier has their own backpack with lots of gear in it. Antecedent ___________ Correct ...
Pronouns - OpenWriting.Org Home
... Exercise: Pronoun Antecedents Correct each use of pronouns below to agree with its antecedent. 1. If people think they will succeed, he or she will. Antecedent ___________ Correct Pronoun ________________ 2. Each soldier has their own backpack with lots of gear in it. Antecedent ___________ Correct ...
... Exercise: Pronoun Antecedents Correct each use of pronouns below to agree with its antecedent. 1. If people think they will succeed, he or she will. Antecedent ___________ Correct Pronoun ________________ 2. Each soldier has their own backpack with lots of gear in it. Antecedent ___________ Correct ...
Conclusion - E
... The modifiers of this phrase include all those categories that occur as modifier slot fillers of the head-modifier verb phrase 1. 7.3.3. COORDINATE VERB PHRASE The coordinate verb phrase is a participle phrase and has at least two head slots filled by verbal participles. The constituent verbal parti ...
... The modifiers of this phrase include all those categories that occur as modifier slot fillers of the head-modifier verb phrase 1. 7.3.3. COORDINATE VERB PHRASE The coordinate verb phrase is a participle phrase and has at least two head slots filled by verbal participles. The constituent verbal parti ...
Grammatical Voice in French
... In (1a) and (1b) we see two different wordforms me, which are both pronominal clitics of the 1st person singular, but belong to two different lexemes: —in (1a), me is a lex of the lexeme SE ≈ (oneself), which is called a reflexive pronoun, but is not a pronoun in the strict sense of the term, see im ...
... In (1a) and (1b) we see two different wordforms me, which are both pronominal clitics of the 1st person singular, but belong to two different lexemes: —in (1a), me is a lex of the lexeme SE ≈ (oneself), which is called a reflexive pronoun, but is not a pronoun in the strict sense of the term, see im ...
Teasing apart syntactic category vs. argument structure information
... -er prefers verbal agentive bases (e.g. teacher), but can also attach to nonagentive verbs (e.g. hearer) and nouns (e.g. villager). In contrast, the Greek suffix -tis (an equivalent of -er) strictly attaches to agentive verbs, and is thus subject to a strong constraint in Bauer’s terms. Apart from t ...
... -er prefers verbal agentive bases (e.g. teacher), but can also attach to nonagentive verbs (e.g. hearer) and nouns (e.g. villager). In contrast, the Greek suffix -tis (an equivalent of -er) strictly attaches to agentive verbs, and is thus subject to a strong constraint in Bauer’s terms. Apart from t ...
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.