Chapter one Invitations to Linguistics
... Some countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme. Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in p ...
... Some countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme. Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in p ...
Syntactic categories
... 1. Transitive verbs (Vt) - express actions which an active subject NP (= agent) does to a passive object NP (= patient): Jack read the book. Jack killed the fly with a rolled up newspaper. 2. Intransitive verbs (Vi) - express actions which a passive subject NP (= patient) experiences itself. Their l ...
... 1. Transitive verbs (Vt) - express actions which an active subject NP (= agent) does to a passive object NP (= patient): Jack read the book. Jack killed the fly with a rolled up newspaper. 2. Intransitive verbs (Vi) - express actions which a passive subject NP (= patient) experiences itself. Their l ...
9 Agreement
... Here’s the tricky part: words that come between the subject and verb or verb phrase in a sentence—such as non-restrictive or restrictive elements, dependent clauses, and prepositional phrases—are ignored when determining agreement. Consider the following sentences: NOTE: When there are intervening w ...
... Here’s the tricky part: words that come between the subject and verb or verb phrase in a sentence—such as non-restrictive or restrictive elements, dependent clauses, and prepositional phrases—are ignored when determining agreement. Consider the following sentences: NOTE: When there are intervening w ...
Seven basic sentence patterns
... • find, spare, save, fetch, buy, get, make • choose, pick, select , sing, play, cook， ...
... • find, spare, save, fetch, buy, get, make • choose, pick, select , sing, play, cook， ...
phrases - Thought
... • The rooms of the house smelled damp and musty. • Few of the villagers had ever been there before. • The girl with the trumpet in the next house keeps us awake. ...
... • The rooms of the house smelled damp and musty. • Few of the villagers had ever been there before. • The girl with the trumpet in the next house keeps us awake. ...
Latin III: Translation – Dei Deaeque: Iuppiter Part I
... great, red, small, fast, slow, etc. In English and in Latin we can use verbs to describe nouns, too: the running man, the flying kite, the swimming fish, the rolling ball. In each case we have taken a verb (to run, to fly, to swim, to roll) and used it to describe, or modify, a noun. There are sever ...
... great, red, small, fast, slow, etc. In English and in Latin we can use verbs to describe nouns, too: the running man, the flying kite, the swimming fish, the rolling ball. In each case we have taken a verb (to run, to fly, to swim, to roll) and used it to describe, or modify, a noun. There are sever ...
Verbals: Practice Quiz
... 4. To give to others is the lesson Scrooge learned in The Christmas Carol, a famous novel by Charles Dickens and dedicated to his family. 5. “We read to know we are not alone.” (C.S. Lewis) ...
... 4. To give to others is the lesson Scrooge learned in The Christmas Carol, a famous novel by Charles Dickens and dedicated to his family. 5. “We read to know we are not alone.” (C.S. Lewis) ...
Natural morphology: the organization of paradigms and language
... is not always clear how much material is included in a word: contracted elements such as the English auxiliaries, and clitics such as the Spanish object pronoun clitics present problems. However, problems of segmentation are fewer at the level of the word than at the level of the morpheme. The secon ...
... is not always clear how much material is included in a word: contracted elements such as the English auxiliaries, and clitics such as the Spanish object pronoun clitics present problems. However, problems of segmentation are fewer at the level of the word than at the level of the morpheme. The secon ...
Hyphens and Apostrophes
... • Second, if the answer to this question is a singular noun, follow the rule for forming singular possessives. If the answer is a plural noun, follow the rules for forming plural possessives. • If you use the phrase the mountains beauty, ask yourself, “To what does the beauty belong?” If the answer ...
... • Second, if the answer to this question is a singular noun, follow the rule for forming singular possessives. If the answer is a plural noun, follow the rules for forming plural possessives. • If you use the phrase the mountains beauty, ask yourself, “To what does the beauty belong?” If the answer ...
UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH
... Indefinite pronouns can cause writers problems. These pronouns include words like all, each, either, few, and none. As with other pronouns, writers must make sure that every indefinite pronoun agrees with its verb. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SINGULAR ...
... Indefinite pronouns can cause writers problems. These pronouns include words like all, each, either, few, and none. As with other pronouns, writers must make sure that every indefinite pronoun agrees with its verb. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SINGULAR ...
AfriGIS_LanguagesInitiative_Episode_7 Structure of simple sentences
... Simple sentences in Setswana are very similar to English. In basic Setswana, the word order follows that of English exactly. It is important to note that for the purpose of this activity, verbs will be learned together with subject concords, to be able to create simple sentences. Examples of simple ...
... Simple sentences in Setswana are very similar to English. In basic Setswana, the word order follows that of English exactly. It is important to note that for the purpose of this activity, verbs will be learned together with subject concords, to be able to create simple sentences. Examples of simple ...
The national curriculum in England - English
... writing and speaking. Once pupils are familiar with a grammatical concept [for example ‘modal verb’], they should be encouraged to apply and explore this concept in the grammar of their own speech and writing and to note where it is used by others. Young pupils, in particular, use more complex langu ...
... writing and speaking. Once pupils are familiar with a grammatical concept [for example ‘modal verb’], they should be encouraged to apply and explore this concept in the grammar of their own speech and writing and to note where it is used by others. Young pupils, in particular, use more complex langu ...
Comparison between the Characteristics of Inflectional Systems in
... The morpheme is generally defined as “the smallest distinctive unit that has a meaning or a grammatical function.” Accordingly, this definition implies that there are two discrete types of morphemes, viz. one could be the smallest distinguishing unit of meaning i.e., a morpheme that stands detached ...
... The morpheme is generally defined as “the smallest distinctive unit that has a meaning or a grammatical function.” Accordingly, this definition implies that there are two discrete types of morphemes, viz. one could be the smallest distinguishing unit of meaning i.e., a morpheme that stands detached ...
Grammar and New Curriculum 2014
... Stop! Do you want to get run over? Do be careful. • Marks to demarcate sentences. Capital letters for names and for the personal pronoun I, for example: Mr Smith and I were both late home. Year 2: • Use of capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to demarcate sentences. • Co ...
... Stop! Do you want to get run over? Do be careful. • Marks to demarcate sentences. Capital letters for names and for the personal pronoun I, for example: Mr Smith and I were both late home. Year 2: • Use of capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to demarcate sentences. • Co ...
Adverbs - UA Writing Center
... In the first sentence, “cautiously” is an adverb that modifies the verb “walked” by telling us how Bill walked. In the second sentence, “first” is an adverb that clarifies the verb “looked” by revealing when she looked for a place to eat. In the third sentence, “extremely” is an adverb that mod ...
... In the first sentence, “cautiously” is an adverb that modifies the verb “walked” by telling us how Bill walked. In the second sentence, “first” is an adverb that clarifies the verb “looked” by revealing when she looked for a place to eat. In the third sentence, “extremely” is an adverb that mod ...
INFLECTIONAL AND LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY
... derived from the root ksil- 'wood' by suffixation of the derivationalmorpheme -in-. German Flug 'flight'as well asflog 'flew'are relatedtofliegen 'to fly'by ablaut. But whereas FIug andfliegen are different lexemes,/og andfliegen are different forms of one and the same lexeme. In spite of this paral ...
... derived from the root ksil- 'wood' by suffixation of the derivationalmorpheme -in-. German Flug 'flight'as well asflog 'flew'are relatedtofliegen 'to fly'by ablaut. But whereas FIug andfliegen are different lexemes,/og andfliegen are different forms of one and the same lexeme. In spite of this paral ...
Grammar Types of Verbs
... A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renam es or d escribes it. This noun or adjective is called the subject complement. EXAMPLES: Jason becam e a business major. (The verb, became, links the subject, Jason, to its com plem ent, a business major.) Lisa is in ...
... A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renam es or d escribes it. This noun or adjective is called the subject complement. EXAMPLES: Jason becam e a business major. (The verb, became, links the subject, Jason, to its com plem ent, a business major.) Lisa is in ...
English - Appendix 2: Vocabulary, grammar and punctuation
... writing and speaking. Once pupils are familiar with a grammatical concept [for example ‘modal verb’], they should be encouraged to apply and explore this concept in the grammar of their own speech and writing and to note where it is used by others. Young pupils, in particular, use more complex langu ...
... writing and speaking. Once pupils are familiar with a grammatical concept [for example ‘modal verb’], they should be encouraged to apply and explore this concept in the grammar of their own speech and writing and to note where it is used by others. Young pupils, in particular, use more complex langu ...
Phrases - Wando High School
... Phrase – a group of words that modify another • Preposition Phrase – a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun: gives position, relationship or direction – The key is under the rug Adjectivial - phrase functions like an adjective, describing a noun or pronoun Over Ed's head, the plane roared into ...
... Phrase – a group of words that modify another • Preposition Phrase – a preposition followed by a noun or pronoun: gives position, relationship or direction – The key is under the rug Adjectivial - phrase functions like an adjective, describing a noun or pronoun Over Ed's head, the plane roared into ...
word
... However, in NLP, words can be classified in much different ways, such as: in ENGTWOL (Constraint English Grammar): adjective, abbreviation, adverb coordinating conjunction(and), subordinating conjunction(that), determiner, infinitive marker(to), interjection, noun, negative particle(not), numera ...
... However, in NLP, words can be classified in much different ways, such as: in ENGTWOL (Constraint English Grammar): adjective, abbreviation, adverb coordinating conjunction(and), subordinating conjunction(that), determiner, infinitive marker(to), interjection, noun, negative particle(not), numera ...
Grammar and Punctuation – Glossary
... Adds additional information to a sentence, but cannot stand along. It usually starts with a subordinating conjunction, e.g. if it doesn’t stop raining...; when you get home... The words that join a main clause: after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before ...
... Adds additional information to a sentence, but cannot stand along. It usually starts with a subordinating conjunction, e.g. if it doesn’t stop raining...; when you get home... The words that join a main clause: after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before ...
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.