Methods of Studying The Nervous System - U
... – Multiple unit recording provides an indication of the rate of firing of many neurons in the general vicinity of the electrode tip – An electrode larger than a microelectrode picks up the action potentials from many nearby neurons – The signal is integrated so that the height of the curve indicates ...
... – Multiple unit recording provides an indication of the rate of firing of many neurons in the general vicinity of the electrode tip – An electrode larger than a microelectrode picks up the action potentials from many nearby neurons – The signal is integrated so that the height of the curve indicates ...
Review Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning
... Actions, Habits, and Incentives In the following sections, we consider two aspects of the data on reward learning that present a significant challenge to the actor-critic model, namely the Pavlovian specification of actions, and the differing motivational sensitivities of Pavlovian and instrumental ...
... Actions, Habits, and Incentives In the following sections, we consider two aspects of the data on reward learning that present a significant challenge to the actor-critic model, namely the Pavlovian specification of actions, and the differing motivational sensitivities of Pavlovian and instrumental ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... Similarly, the rapid spread of activity within and between cortical structures (along intrinsic and association fibers) is mediated by glutamatergic synaptic transmission. The glutamatergic neurons mediating this interaction between cortical regions are commonly pyramidal cells which display the pro ...
... Similarly, the rapid spread of activity within and between cortical structures (along intrinsic and association fibers) is mediated by glutamatergic synaptic transmission. The glutamatergic neurons mediating this interaction between cortical regions are commonly pyramidal cells which display the pro ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... There are several reasons for why D. melanogaster has achieved this position. On a very practical level there are several aspects of the species’ biology that facilitate its use in experiments, such as ease of rearing, low costs, and a short generation time. D. melanogaster has a relatively simple n ...
... There are several reasons for why D. melanogaster has achieved this position. On a very practical level there are several aspects of the species’ biology that facilitate its use in experiments, such as ease of rearing, low costs, and a short generation time. D. melanogaster has a relatively simple n ...
Identification of a Functional Connectome for Long
... all functional connections had corresponding anatomical connections in the primary and high confidence networks (Figure S6 and Table S2). While direct anatomical connections are not necessary for two regions to be functionally connected (e.g., they might be comodulated by a third region), nonetheles ...
... all functional connections had corresponding anatomical connections in the primary and high confidence networks (Figure S6 and Table S2). While direct anatomical connections are not necessary for two regions to be functionally connected (e.g., they might be comodulated by a third region), nonetheles ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... neurons, but that NMDA receptors transmit the information to higher-order NTS neurons. We similarly concluded that non-NMDA receptors largely mediate activation of NTS neurons by cardiopulmonary C fiber afferent input (Wilson et al. 1996). Together the data suggest that baroreceptor and cardiopulmon ...
... neurons, but that NMDA receptors transmit the information to higher-order NTS neurons. We similarly concluded that non-NMDA receptors largely mediate activation of NTS neurons by cardiopulmonary C fiber afferent input (Wilson et al. 1996). Together the data suggest that baroreceptor and cardiopulmon ...
Hyperstiffness
... Upper motor neuron syndrome • Neurons whose axons descend from the cerebrum and brain stem to synapse on lower motor neuron (alpha and gamma) – loss of blood supply to part of the brain, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, trauma ...
... Upper motor neuron syndrome • Neurons whose axons descend from the cerebrum and brain stem to synapse on lower motor neuron (alpha and gamma) – loss of blood supply to part of the brain, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, trauma ...
Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good
... To appreciate the significance of this proposition, it is helpful to step back and consider a historical and theoretical perspective. Neoclassic economic theory can be thought of as a rigorous mathematical construct founded on a limited set of axioms (Kreps 1990). In this framework, the concept of va ...
... To appreciate the significance of this proposition, it is helpful to step back and consider a historical and theoretical perspective. Neoclassic economic theory can be thought of as a rigorous mathematical construct founded on a limited set of axioms (Kreps 1990). In this framework, the concept of va ...
1 MB - Columbia University
... distinct, but adjacent glomeruli in the ProximalAntennal-Protocerebrum (PAP) forming a thermotopic map in the brain. We use two-photon imaging to reveal the functional segregation of hot and cold responses in the PAP, and show that silencing the hot- or cold-sensing neurons produces animals with dis ...
... distinct, but adjacent glomeruli in the ProximalAntennal-Protocerebrum (PAP) forming a thermotopic map in the brain. We use two-photon imaging to reveal the functional segregation of hot and cold responses in the PAP, and show that silencing the hot- or cold-sensing neurons produces animals with dis ...
LESSON PLAN
... Conclusion: ½ anterior part of the spinal cord has a ……… nature ½ posterior part of the spinal cord has a ……………. nature - in the central part there is the …………. canal where ………….. fluid can be found Structure of spinal nerve - the spinal nerve connects the spinal cord with r……….. and e……… Structure ...
... Conclusion: ½ anterior part of the spinal cord has a ……… nature ½ posterior part of the spinal cord has a ……………. nature - in the central part there is the …………. canal where ………….. fluid can be found Structure of spinal nerve - the spinal nerve connects the spinal cord with r……….. and e……… Structure ...
Banbury notes 05 - University of Illinois Archives
... entirely to learn – ultimately some learning but far behind Lesion dentate nucleus in controls reduces them to KO equivalent, implicates cerebellum specifically Conditional KO – CRE recombinase : Neo (hypomorph—low expression); CKO; KO Can turn on full expression of protein late in life; Want to stu ...
... entirely to learn – ultimately some learning but far behind Lesion dentate nucleus in controls reduces them to KO equivalent, implicates cerebellum specifically Conditional KO – CRE recombinase : Neo (hypomorph—low expression); CKO; KO Can turn on full expression of protein late in life; Want to stu ...
Rebound spiking properties of mouse medial entorhinal cortex neurons in vivo NEUROSYSTEMS
... The medial entorhinal cortex is the gateway between the cortex and hippocampus, and plays a critical role in spatial coding as represented by grid cell activity. In the medial entorhinal cortex, inhibitory circuits are robust, and the presence of the h-current leads to rebound potentials and rebound ...
... The medial entorhinal cortex is the gateway between the cortex and hippocampus, and plays a critical role in spatial coding as represented by grid cell activity. In the medial entorhinal cortex, inhibitory circuits are robust, and the presence of the h-current leads to rebound potentials and rebound ...
Basics of electromagnetic field mapping
... dipoles may cancel out, this so called inverse problem of the cannot be solved uniquely, neither for EEG nor for MEG. This means that for a given scalp field, we can find an endless number of configurations of dipoles that would produce our scalp field. This implies that the researcher has to use a ...
... dipoles may cancel out, this so called inverse problem of the cannot be solved uniquely, neither for EEG nor for MEG. This means that for a given scalp field, we can find an endless number of configurations of dipoles that would produce our scalp field. This implies that the researcher has to use a ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... The amount of stimulus information conveyed by the sSC neurons and the number of stimulus-differentiating neurons were consistently higher during the 2nd to 4th 25-ms periods than during the first 25-ms period. These results suggested that population activity of the sSC neurons preferentially filter ...
... The amount of stimulus information conveyed by the sSC neurons and the number of stimulus-differentiating neurons were consistently higher during the 2nd to 4th 25-ms periods than during the first 25-ms period. These results suggested that population activity of the sSC neurons preferentially filter ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... levels synaptic plastic phenomena could occur: namely at the biochemical (e.g. changes in ion channel currents), molecular (e.g. modifications in key synaptic proteins) and morphological level (e.g. changes in shape, size or numbers of synapses). The mechanisms of synaptic plasticity will be treated ...
... levels synaptic plastic phenomena could occur: namely at the biochemical (e.g. changes in ion channel currents), molecular (e.g. modifications in key synaptic proteins) and morphological level (e.g. changes in shape, size or numbers of synapses). The mechanisms of synaptic plasticity will be treated ...
Recounting the impact of Hubel and Wiesel
... recorded from visual cortex, but rather on the previous observations on the ultimate input to the visual cortex, the retina. They built upon the elegantly precise work of their mentor Stephen Kuffler who had identified on- and off-centre ganglion cells in the cat retina and the centre and surround o ...
... recorded from visual cortex, but rather on the previous observations on the ultimate input to the visual cortex, the retina. They built upon the elegantly precise work of their mentor Stephen Kuffler who had identified on- and off-centre ganglion cells in the cat retina and the centre and surround o ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... were created by linear combinations of these vectors added to that prototype. For more information see http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/cbcl/ morph. By morphing different amounts of the prototypes we could generate thousands of Figure 1. Organization of stimulus set. A, The 6 prototype images and 15 m ...
... were created by linear combinations of these vectors added to that prototype. For more information see http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/cbcl/ morph. By morphing different amounts of the prototypes we could generate thousands of Figure 1. Organization of stimulus set. A, The 6 prototype images and 15 m ...
General Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
... Introduction to ANS • Regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands • Operates without conscious control • Named autonomic because was thought to be AUTONOMUS (working without CNS) Human Anatomy 5th ed. 2005 Benjamin Cummings ...
... Introduction to ANS • Regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands • Operates without conscious control • Named autonomic because was thought to be AUTONOMUS (working without CNS) Human Anatomy 5th ed. 2005 Benjamin Cummings ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... nerve terminals in the neuropil surrounding the motor neurons, a lower density was stained with the class B antibodies than with the class A antibodies (Fig. 1, compare B and C with E and F ). The distributions of the a1 subunits of class C, class D, and class E C a 21 channels (Fig. 2 A–F ) were si ...
... nerve terminals in the neuropil surrounding the motor neurons, a lower density was stained with the class B antibodies than with the class A antibodies (Fig. 1, compare B and C with E and F ). The distributions of the a1 subunits of class C, class D, and class E C a 21 channels (Fig. 2 A–F ) were si ...
Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... the posteromedial VTA at bregma −5.8 mm (rectangle in Fig. 2A) demonstrate that increased FOS immunoreactivity occurred preferentially in TH-positive (dopaminergic) neurons (sham/saline, 20 ± 5; sham/lidocaine, 17 ± 7; incision/saline, 18 ± 2; incision/lidocaine, 32 ± 8; n = 4–5 rats). In vivo micro ...
... the posteromedial VTA at bregma −5.8 mm (rectangle in Fig. 2A) demonstrate that increased FOS immunoreactivity occurred preferentially in TH-positive (dopaminergic) neurons (sham/saline, 20 ± 5; sham/lidocaine, 17 ± 7; incision/saline, 18 ± 2; incision/lidocaine, 32 ± 8; n = 4–5 rats). In vivo micro ...
cerebral cortex - CM
... • ___________– main entry route of sensory data into cerebral cortex (Figure 12.10a, b) • Consists of two egg-shaped regions of gray matter; make up about 80% of diencephalon • Third ventricle is found between these two regions • Thalamic nuclei receive afferent fibers from many other regions of ner ...
... • ___________– main entry route of sensory data into cerebral cortex (Figure 12.10a, b) • Consists of two egg-shaped regions of gray matter; make up about 80% of diencephalon • Third ventricle is found between these two regions • Thalamic nuclei receive afferent fibers from many other regions of ner ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... Decoding accuracy as a function of LFP band for three representative 400 ms time bins within the cue, attention, and saccade epochs. Thin blue bars on top represent statistically higher than chance decoding ( p ⬍ 0.001). Non-zero decoding accuracies just before cue onset are due to a smoothing artif ...
... Decoding accuracy as a function of LFP band for three representative 400 ms time bins within the cue, attention, and saccade epochs. Thin blue bars on top represent statistically higher than chance decoding ( p ⬍ 0.001). Non-zero decoding accuracies just before cue onset are due to a smoothing artif ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... sensory periphery in adult mammals including cats (Kalaska and Pomerantz 1979), raccoons (Rasmusson 1982; Rasmusson and Turnball 1983), rats (Wall and Cusick 1984), and monkeys (Merzenich et al. 1983). As in immature cat visual cortex, experience-dependent modifications of somatosensory cortex appea ...
... sensory periphery in adult mammals including cats (Kalaska and Pomerantz 1979), raccoons (Rasmusson 1982; Rasmusson and Turnball 1983), rats (Wall and Cusick 1984), and monkeys (Merzenich et al. 1983). As in immature cat visual cortex, experience-dependent modifications of somatosensory cortex appea ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... layer of area 18. All recording sites were restricted to within 800 m of the surface of the cortex, above the depth where the high spontaneous activities and brisk ON-OFF responses associated with layer 4 were obtained (Gilbert 1977; Snodderly and Gur 1995). Neuronal signals were amplified (⫻10,000 ...
... layer of area 18. All recording sites were restricted to within 800 m of the surface of the cortex, above the depth where the high spontaneous activities and brisk ON-OFF responses associated with layer 4 were obtained (Gilbert 1977; Snodderly and Gur 1995). Neuronal signals were amplified (⫻10,000 ...