Slide 1
... What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate How the Brain and Spinal Cord Interact Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems How Hormones Interact with the Nervous System and Affect ...
... What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate How the Brain and Spinal Cord Interact Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems How Hormones Interact with the Nervous System and Affect ...
Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the Autonomic Nervous System
... 6. How does the position of the gray and white matter differ in the spinal cord and the cerebral hemispheres? In the spinal cord, the white matter surrounds the gray matter. In the cerebral hemisphere, there is an outer “rind” of gray matter and deep to that is white matter with a few scattered isla ...
... 6. How does the position of the gray and white matter differ in the spinal cord and the cerebral hemispheres? In the spinal cord, the white matter surrounds the gray matter. In the cerebral hemisphere, there is an outer “rind” of gray matter and deep to that is white matter with a few scattered isla ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... The cells in each compartment can be further divided into subtypes based on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Ge ...
... The cells in each compartment can be further divided into subtypes based on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Ge ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... Correspondence should be addressed to A.M.C. ([email protected]) ...
... Correspondence should be addressed to A.M.C. ([email protected]) ...
Golgi Tendon Reflux
... drop a very heavy weight, for example. Like the stretch reflex, the tendon reflex is ipsilateral. The sensory receptors for this reflex are called tendon Golgi receptors, which lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle. In contrast to muscle spindles, which are sensitive to changes in musc ...
... drop a very heavy weight, for example. Like the stretch reflex, the tendon reflex is ipsilateral. The sensory receptors for this reflex are called tendon Golgi receptors, which lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle. In contrast to muscle spindles, which are sensitive to changes in musc ...
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant
... of two-thirds of their large motor neurons in both halves of the lumbar spinal cord (Fig. 3A). However, although all motor neurons were mutant in these two SOD1G37R/YFP chimeras, there was an asymmetric loss of motor neurons (Fig. 3A; P ⬍ 0.001; paired Student’s t test with n ⬎ 4 sections per animal ...
... of two-thirds of their large motor neurons in both halves of the lumbar spinal cord (Fig. 3A). However, although all motor neurons were mutant in these two SOD1G37R/YFP chimeras, there was an asymmetric loss of motor neurons (Fig. 3A; P ⬍ 0.001; paired Student’s t test with n ⬎ 4 sections per animal ...
Nerve activates contraction
... by stretch, the associated sensory of the stretched muscle. Afferent fibers also neurons (blue) transmit afferent impulses synapse with interneurons (green) that inhibit motor at higher frequency to the spinal cord. neurons (purple) controlling antagonistic muscles. ...
... by stretch, the associated sensory of the stretched muscle. Afferent fibers also neurons (blue) transmit afferent impulses synapse with interneurons (green) that inhibit motor at higher frequency to the spinal cord. neurons (purple) controlling antagonistic muscles. ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Neuron classification. We used the classification scheme of Bruce and Goldberg (1985) and Segraves and Goldberg (1987) to classify FEF neurons based on their discharge. After isolating a single neuron in the FEF for recording, it was tested for a corticotectal projection with antidromic stimulation ...
... Neuron classification. We used the classification scheme of Bruce and Goldberg (1985) and Segraves and Goldberg (1987) to classify FEF neurons based on their discharge. After isolating a single neuron in the FEF for recording, it was tested for a corticotectal projection with antidromic stimulation ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... slices were fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were processed using a modified protocol described pr ...
... slices were fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were processed using a modified protocol described pr ...
- TestbankU
... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
... Rationale: Astrocyes are the key supply source of rapid energy for neurons. 2.1-34. A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells. a. phagocyte b. Schwann c. microglia d. astrocyte e. microtubule Difficulty: 1 Questi ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... (along some quantitative measure of phase locking such as vector strength) and reject any responses which fall below that level. These methods are artificial because some assumption must be made about what does or does not represent a level of information which is meaningful to the nervous system. E ...
... (along some quantitative measure of phase locking such as vector strength) and reject any responses which fall below that level. These methods are artificial because some assumption must be made about what does or does not represent a level of information which is meaningful to the nervous system. E ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... were highly overlapping spatially (see Figure S2D for anatomical localization of networks). The majority of recording sites that selectively increased synchrony with one set of electrodes during one rule also increased synchrony with a different set of electrodes during the other rule (58% of electr ...
... were highly overlapping spatially (see Figure S2D for anatomical localization of networks). The majority of recording sites that selectively increased synchrony with one set of electrodes during one rule also increased synchrony with a different set of electrodes during the other rule (58% of electr ...
Differential roles of delay-period neural activity in the monkey
... sensory-coupled cue cell, the discharge of which tends to diminish during the delay period of WM tasks. The other is the preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two comp ...
... sensory-coupled cue cell, the discharge of which tends to diminish during the delay period of WM tasks. The other is the preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two comp ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... advances in optogenetics have made it possible to target inhibitory cells more easily: Kätzel and colleagues combined optogenetics and whole-cell recording to investigate the intrinsic connectivity of inhibitory cells in mouse cortical areas M1, S1, and V1 (Kätzel et al., 2011). They transgenicall ...
... advances in optogenetics have made it possible to target inhibitory cells more easily: Kätzel and colleagues combined optogenetics and whole-cell recording to investigate the intrinsic connectivity of inhibitory cells in mouse cortical areas M1, S1, and V1 (Kätzel et al., 2011). They transgenicall ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... In higher mammals visual information from the retina can reach the visual cortex either directly, via the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), or by a more indirect pathway, via the superior colliculus and pretectal nuclear complex to the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex (LP-P) which in turn ...
... In higher mammals visual information from the retina can reach the visual cortex either directly, via the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), or by a more indirect pathway, via the superior colliculus and pretectal nuclear complex to the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex (LP-P) which in turn ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... the energy of afferent input relative to recurrent excitation and inhibition. 3.1 Why Do the Relative Energies of Afferent and Recurrent Inputs Change? Because activation of GABAB receptors selectively suppresses recurrent but not afferent connections (Ault & Nadler, 1982; Colbert & Levy, 1992), the ...
... the energy of afferent input relative to recurrent excitation and inhibition. 3.1 Why Do the Relative Energies of Afferent and Recurrent Inputs Change? Because activation of GABAB receptors selectively suppresses recurrent but not afferent connections (Ault & Nadler, 1982; Colbert & Levy, 1992), the ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
... between these inputs that determines the membrane potential of the up state. The two K+ currents included in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured i ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
... Correspondence should be addressed to Fujio Murakami, Department of Biophysical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Machikaneyama 1-3, Osaka 560, Japan. Dr. Saito’s present address: National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-chou, Nishigou-naka, Okaz ...
... Correspondence should be addressed to Fujio Murakami, Department of Biophysical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Machikaneyama 1-3, Osaka 560, Japan. Dr. Saito’s present address: National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-chou, Nishigou-naka, Okaz ...
part ii: the animal mind - Neural and Mental Evolution
... individuals to pass on their heritage to their descendants and thus assure the survival of the species. To maintain the integrity of an individual organism, it must be encased in a unique envelope (membrane, skin, capsule) that separates and shields it from harmful environmental influences but which ...
... individuals to pass on their heritage to their descendants and thus assure the survival of the species. To maintain the integrity of an individual organism, it must be encased in a unique envelope (membrane, skin, capsule) that separates and shields it from harmful environmental influences but which ...
Neurons in the Most Superficial Lamina of the Mouse Superior
... easily from anatomical projection patterns, in part because different RGC subtypes often project to the same SGS sublaminae. For example, the upper SGS, in addition to receiving DS input from DRD4 and other types of RGCs (Kay et al., 2011), is also the primary, if not exclusive, target of the W3 RGC ...
... easily from anatomical projection patterns, in part because different RGC subtypes often project to the same SGS sublaminae. For example, the upper SGS, in addition to receiving DS input from DRD4 and other types of RGCs (Kay et al., 2011), is also the primary, if not exclusive, target of the W3 RGC ...
INSTANTANEOUSLY TRAINED NEURAL NETWORKS WITH
... There are two main differences between the CC3 and the CC4 algorithms. Firstly, in CC4 a hidden neuron is created for each and every training sample that is presented. Secondly, the output layer is fully connected, i.e. all hidden neurons are connected to all the output neurons. In the CC3 algorithm ...
... There are two main differences between the CC3 and the CC4 algorithms. Firstly, in CC4 a hidden neuron is created for each and every training sample that is presented. Secondly, the output layer is fully connected, i.e. all hidden neurons are connected to all the output neurons. In the CC3 algorithm ...
Vesicle-Mediated Transport and Release of
... Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to ...
... Whenever neurons in the CNS are injured, microglia become activated. In addition to local activation, microglia remote from the primary lesion site are stimulated. Because this so-called secondary activation of microglia is instrumental for long-term changes after neuronal injury, it is important to ...
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface
... Tsutsui, Ken-ichiro, Min Jiang, Kazuo Yara, Hideo Sakata, and Masato Taira. Integration of perspective and disparity cues in surface-orientation–selective neurons of area CIP. J Neurophysiol 86: 2856 –2867, 2001. We investigated the effects of linear perspective and binocular disparity, as monocular ...
... Tsutsui, Ken-ichiro, Min Jiang, Kazuo Yara, Hideo Sakata, and Masato Taira. Integration of perspective and disparity cues in surface-orientation–selective neurons of area CIP. J Neurophysiol 86: 2856 –2867, 2001. We investigated the effects of linear perspective and binocular disparity, as monocular ...