Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... Samples of areas 4 and 17 were obtained from 41 adult individuals representing 23 primate and 2 non-primate mammalian species (Tupaia glis and Pteropus poliocephalus). Between 1 and 5 individuals were available for analysis from each species (table 1). Most specimens were obtained postmortem or from ...
... Samples of areas 4 and 17 were obtained from 41 adult individuals representing 23 primate and 2 non-primate mammalian species (Tupaia glis and Pteropus poliocephalus). Between 1 and 5 individuals were available for analysis from each species (table 1). Most specimens were obtained postmortem or from ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
Part B
... (b) In an unmyelinated axon, voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels regenerate the action potential at each point along the axon, so voltage does not decay. Conduction is slow because movements of ions and of the gates of channel proteins take time and must occur before ...
... (b) In an unmyelinated axon, voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels regenerate the action potential at each point along the axon, so voltage does not decay. Conduction is slow because movements of ions and of the gates of channel proteins take time and must occur before ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... has been suggested that the number of synapses forming individual connections alters (Ramón y Cajal 1894; Greenough and ...
... has been suggested that the number of synapses forming individual connections alters (Ramón y Cajal 1894; Greenough and ...
download file
... (1–48 kHz) at 16 intensities (1–75 dB SPL) to determine the characteristic frequency of each site. Tones had 5 ms cosine-squared ramps and their total duration was 25 ms. Additional stimuli were randomly interleaved and presented at 20 repeats per recording site. Broad band noise was presented in tr ...
... (1–48 kHz) at 16 intensities (1–75 dB SPL) to determine the characteristic frequency of each site. Tones had 5 ms cosine-squared ramps and their total duration was 25 ms. Additional stimuli were randomly interleaved and presented at 20 repeats per recording site. Broad band noise was presented in tr ...
Biological Bases of Bx Test
... d. “Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.” e. “Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior.” ____ ...
... d. “Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.” e. “Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior.” ____ ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
Synchrony between Neurons with Similar Muscle Fields in Monkey
... V1 neurons become synchronized when they encode information pertaining to the same object in a visual scene. This synchrony increases the salience of related features at a higher processing level. It has also been suggested that assemblies of synchronously active neurons play a more widespread role ...
... V1 neurons become synchronized when they encode information pertaining to the same object in a visual scene. This synchrony increases the salience of related features at a higher processing level. It has also been suggested that assemblies of synchronously active neurons play a more widespread role ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... published January 14, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00907.2014.—We seldom mistake a closer object as being larger, even though its retinal image is bigger. One underlying mechanism could be to calculate the size of the retinal image relative to that of another nearby object. Here we set out to investigate wh ...
... published January 14, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00907.2014.—We seldom mistake a closer object as being larger, even though its retinal image is bigger. One underlying mechanism could be to calculate the size of the retinal image relative to that of another nearby object. Here we set out to investigate wh ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
Human Reflexes Introductory Reading and
... oculomotor nerve stimulates the muscles in and around the eyes. If pressure increases in the cranium (such as from an increase in blood volume due to the brain bleeding), then the pressure exerted on CN III may cause variations in the eye reflex responses. Reflexes can be categorized as either auton ...
... oculomotor nerve stimulates the muscles in and around the eyes. If pressure increases in the cranium (such as from an increase in blood volume due to the brain bleeding), then the pressure exerted on CN III may cause variations in the eye reflex responses. Reflexes can be categorized as either auton ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
... with Axon Pruning MVBs and MLBs are typically thought to be associated with the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, which plays an important role in degradation of engulfed proteins and cellular debris (reviewed in [22, 23]). Specifically, studies of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in Drosophila have impli ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... via a tracheal cannula. The animals were placed in a specially designed head holder that allowed free access to the nasal area. Surgical procedures included exposure of both the dorsal surface of the nasal bones overlying the olfactory epithelium and the anterior portion of the frontal bones overlyi ...
... via a tracheal cannula. The animals were placed in a specially designed head holder that allowed free access to the nasal area. Surgical procedures included exposure of both the dorsal surface of the nasal bones overlying the olfactory epithelium and the anterior portion of the frontal bones overlyi ...
Physiology and mathematical modeling of the auditory system
... and many connections are just beginning to form (e.g. between brainstem nuclei, thalamic nuclei, and auditory cortex). As for other sensory systems, stimulation during this time is essential for normal development. When hearing is impaired in early life, the morphology and function of auditory neuro ...
... and many connections are just beginning to form (e.g. between brainstem nuclei, thalamic nuclei, and auditory cortex). As for other sensory systems, stimulation during this time is essential for normal development. When hearing is impaired in early life, the morphology and function of auditory neuro ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... Kalirin isoforms are drawn to scale. Bars indicate the regions to which antibodies or probes were made. B, C, Hippocampal extracts spectrin-like region common to most iso(50 g of protein) prepared from rats of the indicated ages were subjected to Western blot analysis using the affinity-purified fo ...
... Kalirin isoforms are drawn to scale. Bars indicate the regions to which antibodies or probes were made. B, C, Hippocampal extracts spectrin-like region common to most iso(50 g of protein) prepared from rats of the indicated ages were subjected to Western blot analysis using the affinity-purified fo ...
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex
... mm2 in Saimiri sp. (Table 1), with an average of 83,945 neurons/ mm2 across species. Despite this variation, these values as a whole were not significantly different from the N/A of 97,351/ mm2 that was predicted by Rockel et al. (10) from which a nominal value of 147,000/mm2 was corrected for 18% s ...
... mm2 in Saimiri sp. (Table 1), with an average of 83,945 neurons/ mm2 across species. Despite this variation, these values as a whole were not significantly different from the N/A of 97,351/ mm2 that was predicted by Rockel et al. (10) from which a nominal value of 147,000/mm2 was corrected for 18% s ...
Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... cycle, body temperature, pain perception, and a myriad of other functions [2–7]. Their execution requires more than 86 billion neurons [8] connected in complex brain circuits [9– 11]. Resulting neural networks rely on a fine balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurons [12–14], operate in t ...
... cycle, body temperature, pain perception, and a myriad of other functions [2–7]. Their execution requires more than 86 billion neurons [8] connected in complex brain circuits [9– 11]. Resulting neural networks rely on a fine balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurons [12–14], operate in t ...
Psychology
... respond to them. Nerve impulses are responsible for the way information is transmitted from one neuron to another throughout the nervous system in a rapid manner. Neurons are able to communicate through bodily chemicals called neurotransmitters which are released at connection points called synapses ...
... respond to them. Nerve impulses are responsible for the way information is transmitted from one neuron to another throughout the nervous system in a rapid manner. Neurons are able to communicate through bodily chemicals called neurotransmitters which are released at connection points called synapses ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... oscilloscope. The monkey was fed, and given water ad lib, at the end of each daily recording session, so that he was approximately 18 h food- and water-deprived during the recording sessions. Stimuli and stimulus delivery Five stimuli plus water were applied to the tongue during a recording session. ...
... oscilloscope. The monkey was fed, and given water ad lib, at the end of each daily recording session, so that he was approximately 18 h food- and water-deprived during the recording sessions. Stimuli and stimulus delivery Five stimuli plus water were applied to the tongue during a recording session. ...
PERSPECTIVES
... not systematically addressed, STSa neurons do not seem to discharge during active movements, or if they do express motor-related activity, it is not as prominent as in F5. So, both STSa and F5 contain neurons that are responsive to the observation of biological actions. The two areas are not directl ...
... not systematically addressed, STSa neurons do not seem to discharge during active movements, or if they do express motor-related activity, it is not as prominent as in F5. So, both STSa and F5 contain neurons that are responsive to the observation of biological actions. The two areas are not directl ...
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events
... in simple tasks without intervening distractors. A largely separate body of work deals with a property of neurons in sensory visual areas known as adaptation. Adaptation is the reduced response of cortical neurons to a particular stimulus after previous exposure to that stimulus13,14. Although adapt ...
... in simple tasks without intervening distractors. A largely separate body of work deals with a property of neurons in sensory visual areas known as adaptation. Adaptation is the reduced response of cortical neurons to a particular stimulus after previous exposure to that stimulus13,14. Although adapt ...