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Role of Astrocytes, Soluble Factors, Cells Adhesion Molecules and
Role of Astrocytes, Soluble Factors, Cells Adhesion Molecules and

... Synapses are highly asymmetric cellular junctions designed for rapid and repetitive signaling between neurons and their targets. A synapse comprises of 3 distinct components: a pre-synaptic specialization, a synaptic cleft, and a post-synaptic specialization (Fig. (1)). The pre-synaptic specializati ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila

Transient intracellular expression of chicken UCH-L3 and
Transient intracellular expression of chicken UCH-L3 and

... to validate MS/MS based peptide and protein identifications. Peptide identifications were accepted if they could be established at greater than 95.0% probability by the Peptide Prophet algorithm with Scaffold delta-mass correction. Protein identifications were accepted if they could be established a ...
Human Anatomy and Physiology 242
Human Anatomy and Physiology 242

... 5) Know the histological difference between Gray and White matter and Also their location in the brain and spinal cord. 6) Understand the process of nerve conduction (Electrophysiology) and the following terms associated with conduction: [membrane potential, resting potential, current, leakage chann ...
凌树才_边缘系统
凌树才_边缘系统

... Central nuclei: 中央核 Connected to hypothalamus. ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Summation of Unitary IPSPs
FEATURE ARTICLE Summation of Unitary IPSPs

Zoology Assignment - Wikimedia Commons
Zoology Assignment - Wikimedia Commons

the PDF file
the PDF file

... endocrine system. These hormones are responsible for the overall growth and development of an organism. All others daily decision that includes voluntary and involuntary action are controlled by central nervous system(CNS). 10. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other ...
Brains of Primitive Chordates - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
Brains of Primitive Chordates - CIHR Research Group in Sensory

... therefore been directed toward understanding the genetic and developmental underpinnings of nervous system organization in our more ‘primitive’ chordate relatives, in the search for the origins of the vertebrate brain in a common chordate ancestor. We describe some of the principal features of the c ...
module 6 - sandrablake
module 6 - sandrablake

... are similar in function. Both carry ________________________ and both communicate by locking into ________________________________ sites. The most important gland is the ________________ __________________, the endocrine system’s __________________ gland. The pituitary gland in conjunction with the ...
13.2 part 2
13.2 part 2

... movement of ions. ...
Development of a paradigm to investigate mechanisms of divided
Development of a paradigm to investigate mechanisms of divided

... patients everyday life in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Several types of attention are recognized such as divided, selective and sustained attention. Selective and divided attention are impaired most in the Alzheimer’s disease patients while sustained attention remains relatively intact. ...
File
File

... T6.5.6 - Propagation of nerve impulses is the result of local currents that cause each successive part of the axon to reach the threshold potential.  Propagation of nerve impulses along the axon results from the diffusion of Na+ ions from the area that was just depolarized to the neighbouring area ...
A Model of Recurrent Interactions in Primary Visual Cortex
A Model of Recurrent Interactions in Primary Visual Cortex

... (divisive) inhibition, we suggest that the inhibitory response to increasing contrast has a higher threshold, i.e. the direct LGN input to inhibitory cells is weaker. Note that we only need a subpopulation of inhibitory neurons with that propertry; the rest can have the same response threshold as th ...
Unit 4A: Sensation
Unit 4A: Sensation

... ◦ Signal Detection Theory  a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. ◦ Ratio of ...
Part 7.2 Neural Networks
Part 7.2 Neural Networks

Nerve
Nerve

... the submucosa. Morphologically, enteric neurons resemble those of sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglia, although they may be somewhat smaller. Unmyelinated nerves interconnect the ganglia within each plexus, and also connect the two plexuses with one another. Enteric neurons control peristalsis an ...
The auditory pathway: Levels of integration of information and
The auditory pathway: Levels of integration of information and

... This paper addresses anatomical, physiological and neurochemical aspects of the central auditory pathway (CAP), from the inner ear, the brainstem and the thalamus to the temporal auditory cortex AC). The characteristics of the spiral ganglion of Corti (SGC), the auditory nerve (AN), the cochlear nuc ...
The Area Postrema - Queen`s University
The Area Postrema - Queen`s University

... but not surrounding area, was stained by intravenously injected dyes (Wislocki and King 1936; Wislocki and Leduc 1952) suggesting the AP had unique access to the circulation. These observations were later confirmed by studies showing that systemic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted ...
Emergence of Sense-Making Behavior by the Stimulus Avoidance
Emergence of Sense-Making Behavior by the Stimulus Avoidance

... spontaneously without having any explicit reward or evaluation function. We call this a “learning by stimulation avoidance” (LSA) principle. LSA assures a homeostatic property as it sustains stability and variation simultaneously. Shahaf and Marom (2001) demonstrated that cultured neuronal cells can ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in

... The electrical membrane properties of 5tl135tattlsa n.~,~ap~!rSreiiculata (SNR) neurons and the,r postsynapuc responses to si~.mulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STH) were studied in an m vitro slice preparation. SNR neurons were divided into two types based on their electrical membrane properties ...
Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during
Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during

... focal light stimulation in the striatum excites corticostriatal axons arising from a restricted region of the tonotopic map. We used striatal multi-unit activity to characterize the frequency preference of the striatal stimulation site. Stimulation of corticostriatal axons biased subjects’ choices t ...
Induced Spreading Depression Evokes Cell Division of
Induced Spreading Depression Evokes Cell Division of

chapt10answers
chapt10answers

... The light-sensitive pigment in rods is __rhodopsin__, which breaks down into a protein, opsin, and retinal (from vitamin A) in the presence of light. How does this work? This process activates an enzyme that then causes changes in the membrane resulting in generation of action potentials (nerve impu ...
Autonomic vs. Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic vs. Somatic Nervous System

... z IX glossopharyngeal z X Vagus Sacral spinal cord ...
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Channelrhodopsin



Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.
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