Lecture 24 (Slides) October 18
... molecules have many features in common. Individual atoms often possess unpaired electrons. These atoms are usually chemically unstable. Two such atoms can come together to form a molecule with no unpaired electrons. This process can involve the formation of covalent chemical bonds and is highly exot ...
... molecules have many features in common. Individual atoms often possess unpaired electrons. These atoms are usually chemically unstable. Two such atoms can come together to form a molecule with no unpaired electrons. This process can involve the formation of covalent chemical bonds and is highly exot ...
Pre-lab 2: Naming and Modeling Organic Compounds
... 6. If you have a compound with a double bond then you have the possibility of geometrical isomers. ...
... 6. If you have a compound with a double bond then you have the possibility of geometrical isomers. ...
Click for Section 2.9 notes
... Some Derivatives of Alkanes • When H atoms in alkanes are replaced by heteroatoms (atoms other than C or H), then we have introduced a functional group into the alkane • When H is replaced by –OH, the compound is an alcohol • Alcohols are also named by the number of C atoms ...
... Some Derivatives of Alkanes • When H atoms in alkanes are replaced by heteroatoms (atoms other than C or H), then we have introduced a functional group into the alkane • When H is replaced by –OH, the compound is an alcohol • Alcohols are also named by the number of C atoms ...
Chapter 1--Title
... If the carbon is attached to one other carbon that carbon is primary (1o) and the alkyl halide is also 1o If the carbon is attached to two other carbons, that carbon is secondary (2 o) and the alkyl halide is 2o If the carbon is attached to three other carbons, the carbon is tertiary (3 o) and the a ...
... If the carbon is attached to one other carbon that carbon is primary (1o) and the alkyl halide is also 1o If the carbon is attached to two other carbons, that carbon is secondary (2 o) and the alkyl halide is 2o If the carbon is attached to three other carbons, the carbon is tertiary (3 o) and the a ...
Chapter 2 Chemical context of Life
... The solid structure or crystal is not made of molecules but of ions in a certain ratio. Ionic compounds dissolve readily in water and form free ions. The formula for an ionic compound indicates only the ration of atoms in the crystal structure. Weak bonds Molecules interact with each other and attra ...
... The solid structure or crystal is not made of molecules but of ions in a certain ratio. Ionic compounds dissolve readily in water and form free ions. The formula for an ionic compound indicates only the ration of atoms in the crystal structure. Weak bonds Molecules interact with each other and attra ...
The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds
... we can predict its chemical behavior. Note that the symbol R is used to represent the remainder of the molecule of which each functional group is a part. For example, the methyl group, a common nonpolar hydrocarbon group, is abbreviated R¬CH3. As you read the rest of this section, refer to ❚ Table 3 ...
... we can predict its chemical behavior. Note that the symbol R is used to represent the remainder of the molecule of which each functional group is a part. For example, the methyl group, a common nonpolar hydrocarbon group, is abbreviated R¬CH3. As you read the rest of this section, refer to ❚ Table 3 ...
Biochemistry Worksheet
... 61. What do you call the covalent bonds that hold amino acids together? Put a box around these bond in the sketch you did on question 60. 62. Long chains of amino acids are called ___________________ and these join together to make a ________________. 63. Hydrogen bonding among individual amino acid ...
... 61. What do you call the covalent bonds that hold amino acids together? Put a box around these bond in the sketch you did on question 60. 62. Long chains of amino acids are called ___________________ and these join together to make a ________________. 63. Hydrogen bonding among individual amino acid ...
Phenomenologica lSignificanceof non identifical sp3
... investigations. In the case sp3-hybridization model of electron configuration of carbon atom is the key position of organic, organometallic, elementorganic chemistry, at identity of witch to nature of interaction have no doubt because of its simplicity and attractively. But investigations of the che ...
... investigations. In the case sp3-hybridization model of electron configuration of carbon atom is the key position of organic, organometallic, elementorganic chemistry, at identity of witch to nature of interaction have no doubt because of its simplicity and attractively. But investigations of the che ...
Chapter 9: Chemical Bonding I: Lewis Theory
... 2) General Principles to Remember A) Hydrogen 2 electrons (max.) B) Octet Rule 8 electrons (max.) C) 18 Electron Rule ...
... 2) General Principles to Remember A) Hydrogen 2 electrons (max.) B) Octet Rule 8 electrons (max.) C) 18 Electron Rule ...
Compounds of Carbon
... means it has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell, which is a half full outer shell. To obtain a full outer shell, and being a non-metal, it forms covalent bonds by sharing all of its valence electrons. It can form single or double bonds with other elements. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds ...
... means it has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell, which is a half full outer shell. To obtain a full outer shell, and being a non-metal, it forms covalent bonds by sharing all of its valence electrons. It can form single or double bonds with other elements. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds ...
Notes: Naming and Writing Ionic Compounds
... consisting of only one atom). Another important group exists…polyatomic ions. They consist of more than one atom and still have either a positive or negative ...
... consisting of only one atom). Another important group exists…polyatomic ions. They consist of more than one atom and still have either a positive or negative ...
Introduction to Organic Chemistry Curriculum
... Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo substitution reactions rather than addition reactions. ...
... Aromatic hydrocarbons undergo substitution reactions rather than addition reactions. ...
Week 6 Solutions - Brown University Wiki
... We know that the oxygen has to make a bond to form a quaternary center. The likely candidate for this is carbon number 4 as it already has three bonds to carbon. If the alcohol oxygen made a bond with carbon 4, it would form the ring system in the product. But how do we make a bond with carbon 4? So ...
... We know that the oxygen has to make a bond to form a quaternary center. The likely candidate for this is carbon number 4 as it already has three bonds to carbon. If the alcohol oxygen made a bond with carbon 4, it would form the ring system in the product. But how do we make a bond with carbon 4? So ...
Introduction (HL)
... If both enantiomers are equally present, it is called a racemic mixture or racemate. The two enantiomers rotate the plane of the polarized light by the same amount but in opposite directions. The rotations cancel each other out and the mixture appears to be optically inactive. ...
... If both enantiomers are equally present, it is called a racemic mixture or racemate. The two enantiomers rotate the plane of the polarized light by the same amount but in opposite directions. The rotations cancel each other out and the mixture appears to be optically inactive. ...
biochem notes CP Edited
... compounds do not contain carbon atoms Organic compounds contain carbon atoms ...
... compounds do not contain carbon atoms Organic compounds contain carbon atoms ...
Chapter 4 Carbon
... • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules • Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds ...
... • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules • Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds ...
Notes
... Substitution Reactions ‐ A substitution reaction occurs when a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane) or aromatic reacts with a diatomic halide molecule (like Br2, Cl2, F2, I2) ‐ The products of a substitution reaction are a organic halide and a hydrogen halide molecule ‐ Carbon‐hydrogen bonds in the hydr ...
... Substitution Reactions ‐ A substitution reaction occurs when a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane) or aromatic reacts with a diatomic halide molecule (like Br2, Cl2, F2, I2) ‐ The products of a substitution reaction are a organic halide and a hydrogen halide molecule ‐ Carbon‐hydrogen bonds in the hydr ...
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
... Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right (levo and dextro). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other. ...
... Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right (levo and dextro). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other. ...
NOTES: CH 2-4
... Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right (levo and dextro). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other. ...
... Enantiomers differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands. The two isomers are designated the L and D isomers from the Latin for left and right (levo and dextro). Enantiomers cannot be superimposed on each other. ...
enthalpy - winterk
... b) All organic compounds have a backbone of carbon atoms. c) Pentane and 2-methylbutane are isomers. d) C6H10 is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon. e) C8H16 is an alkyne. f) As the number of carbons atoms in a hydrocarbon chain increases, the boiling point increases. g) The accurate IUPAC name f ...
... b) All organic compounds have a backbone of carbon atoms. c) Pentane and 2-methylbutane are isomers. d) C6H10 is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon. e) C8H16 is an alkyne. f) As the number of carbons atoms in a hydrocarbon chain increases, the boiling point increases. g) The accurate IUPAC name f ...
Chapters 20 & 21
... Arrangements have different names, cis and trans cis – same side of the molecule trans – different side of the molecule ...
... Arrangements have different names, cis and trans cis – same side of the molecule trans – different side of the molecule ...
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some flat rings of atoms. These structures contain a number of double bonds that interact with each other according to certain rules. As a result of their being so stable, such rings tend to form easily, and once formed, tend to be difficult to break in chemical reactions. Since one of the most commonly encountered aromatic system of compounds in organic chemistry is based on derivatives of the prototypical aromatic compound benzene (common in petroleum), the word “aromatic” is occasionally used to refer informally to benzene derivatives, and this is how it was first defined. Nevertheless, many non-benzene aromatic compounds exist. In living organisms, for example, the most common aromatic rings are the double-ringed bases in RNA and DNA.The earliest use of the term “aromatic” was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. Hofmann used the term for a class of benzene compounds, many of which do have odors (unlike pure saturated hydrocarbons). Today, there is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds, although in 1855, before the structure of benzene or organic compounds was understood, chemists like Hofmann were beginning to understand that odiferous molecules from plants, such as terpenes, had chemical properties we recognize today are similar to unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene.In terms of the electronic nature of the molecule, aromaticity describes the way a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs of electrons, or empty molecular orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. Aromaticity can be considered a manifestation of cyclic delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately single- and double-bonded to one another. These bonds may be seen as a hybrid of a single bond and a double bond, each bond in the ring identical to every other. This commonly seen model of aromatic rings, namely the idea that benzene was formed from a six-membered carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds (cyclohexatriene), was developed by August Kekulé (see History section below). The model for benzene consists of two resonance forms, which corresponds to the double and single bonds superimposing to produce six one-and-a-half bonds. Benzene is a more stable molecule than would be expected without accounting for charge delocalization.