Negative Ion Sources Penning and Magnetron
... nitrogen and the noble elements) have a negative electron affinity, which means that they cannot form stable negative ions. Both magnetron and Penning ion sources have been used to produce H− and D− ions as well as other heavy negative ions, such as O−, B−, C−, etc. H− ions are the most commonly pro ...
... nitrogen and the noble elements) have a negative electron affinity, which means that they cannot form stable negative ions. Both magnetron and Penning ion sources have been used to produce H− and D− ions as well as other heavy negative ions, such as O−, B−, C−, etc. H− ions are the most commonly pro ...
Chiral liquid crystals
... for their use in devices. Chiral liquid crystalline materials are even more fascinating and have an array of special properties enabling them to be used in new technological application (thermochromics and ferroelectric displays). In some case chiral liquid crystalline materials generate intriguing ...
... for their use in devices. Chiral liquid crystalline materials are even more fascinating and have an array of special properties enabling them to be used in new technological application (thermochromics and ferroelectric displays). In some case chiral liquid crystalline materials generate intriguing ...
Nitrogen Glow Discharge by a DC Virtual Cathode
... The axial distribution of the electron density is illustrated in Figure 8. Note that the electron density increases with axial direction from the mesh to reach its maximum value 0.2 · 108 cm−3 at z = 2 cm. This may be due to an increase of the electron beam collisions, which increases the ionized pa ...
... The axial distribution of the electron density is illustrated in Figure 8. Note that the electron density increases with axial direction from the mesh to reach its maximum value 0.2 · 108 cm−3 at z = 2 cm. This may be due to an increase of the electron beam collisions, which increases the ionized pa ...
![Thermal decomposition of [Co(en)3][Fe(CN)6]∙ 2H2O: Topotactic](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016714683_1-9b5a4101374aefe0b91dfa34a6510a5d-300x300.png)
Atmospheric Thermodynamics
... The first law, or the principle of energy conservation, says that it exists a state function, the internal energy that increases according to the heat supplied and diminishes according to the work done by the system. Denoting the specific internal energy (J kg-1) as e=E/m (this is the traditional no ...
... The first law, or the principle of energy conservation, says that it exists a state function, the internal energy that increases according to the heat supplied and diminishes according to the work done by the system. Denoting the specific internal energy (J kg-1) as e=E/m (this is the traditional no ...
Old-Exam-Questions-Ch
... pressure. What is the root-mean square velocity of the molecules inside the balloon? [The mass of hydrogen atom is 1.66*10**(-27) kg].( A1: 4.3*10**3 m/s.) Q2) Helium gas is heated at constant pressure from 32 degrees Fahrenheit to 212 degrees Fahrenheit. If the gas does 20.0 Joules of work during t ...
... pressure. What is the root-mean square velocity of the molecules inside the balloon? [The mass of hydrogen atom is 1.66*10**(-27) kg].( A1: 4.3*10**3 m/s.) Q2) Helium gas is heated at constant pressure from 32 degrees Fahrenheit to 212 degrees Fahrenheit. If the gas does 20.0 Joules of work during t ...
Nonresonant beat-wave excitation of relativistic plasma
... much higher than the resonant density. Experimentally, we have shown that such high accelerating fields can be excited in plasmas with densities up to 14n res . We have diagnosed these fields through collinear Thomson scattering of a probe laser beam and by measuring the energy gained by externally ...
... much higher than the resonant density. Experimentally, we have shown that such high accelerating fields can be excited in plasmas with densities up to 14n res . We have diagnosed these fields through collinear Thomson scattering of a probe laser beam and by measuring the energy gained by externally ...
Exchange interaction in a couple of
... by the author, have shown [2] that the vacuum properties change in the rotating system connected with RMR. In some distance from RMR, on the cylinder forming surface, which axis is parallel the rotator spin axis, according to the theory of relativity [3,4], the vacuum dielectric and magnetic penetra ...
... by the author, have shown [2] that the vacuum properties change in the rotating system connected with RMR. In some distance from RMR, on the cylinder forming surface, which axis is parallel the rotator spin axis, according to the theory of relativity [3,4], the vacuum dielectric and magnetic penetra ...
Plasma Characterization & Thin Film Growth and Analysis
... µm. They are used today in a wide range of applications, such as coatings for cutting tools, optical and decorative coatings, solar cells applications, and as diffusion layers in integrated circuits. The film growth can be carried out by a number of deposition techniques, including chemical vapor de ...
... µm. They are used today in a wide range of applications, such as coatings for cutting tools, optical and decorative coatings, solar cells applications, and as diffusion layers in integrated circuits. The film growth can be carried out by a number of deposition techniques, including chemical vapor de ...
IEPC-2013-062
... specific power of the propulsion system1. Instead, the use of D-He3 can be explored for which the primary reaction products are protons (14.7 MeV) and He4 (3.6 MeV). There will be some neutron production due to D-D reactions, half of which provide a neutron (2.45 MeV) and the other half a tritium nu ...
... specific power of the propulsion system1. Instead, the use of D-He3 can be explored for which the primary reaction products are protons (14.7 MeV) and He4 (3.6 MeV). There will be some neutron production due to D-D reactions, half of which provide a neutron (2.45 MeV) and the other half a tritium nu ...
chemistry — released items - North Carolina Public Schools
... These released items were administered to students during a previous test administration. This sample set of released items may not reflect the breadth of the standards assessed and/or the range of item difficulty found on the NC Final Exam. Additional information about the NC Final Exam is availabl ...
... These released items were administered to students during a previous test administration. This sample set of released items may not reflect the breadth of the standards assessed and/or the range of item difficulty found on the NC Final Exam. Additional information about the NC Final Exam is availabl ...
Laser and its applications
... The resonator is an optical “feed back device” that directs photons back and forth through the laser medium. Resonator or “optical activity” consists of a pair of carefully aligned plane or curved mirrors (see figure 2). One of them is chosen with a reflectivity 100% as possible. The other mirror is ...
... The resonator is an optical “feed back device” that directs photons back and forth through the laser medium. Resonator or “optical activity” consists of a pair of carefully aligned plane or curved mirrors (see figure 2). One of them is chosen with a reflectivity 100% as possible. The other mirror is ...
Full-text
... Ni(II) separation in HCl solutions, where nickel(II) exists as cationic aquacomplexes, whereas cobalt(II) partially forms anionic chlorocomplexes [1]. A liquid membrane is a layer of an organic solvent separating two aqueous solutions. Liquid membranes offer a lot of advantages over solvent extracti ...
... Ni(II) separation in HCl solutions, where nickel(II) exists as cationic aquacomplexes, whereas cobalt(II) partially forms anionic chlorocomplexes [1]. A liquid membrane is a layer of an organic solvent separating two aqueous solutions. Liquid membranes offer a lot of advantages over solvent extracti ...
Magnetic field propagation in a two ion species planar plasma
... the plasma ceases and the plasma pushing remains the dominant process. This is in contrast to cases shown in previous theoretical analyses, in which the penetration did not slow down due to the plasma pushing8 and was even enhanced by such a pushing.13 When there is more than one particle species, a ...
... the plasma ceases and the plasma pushing remains the dominant process. This is in contrast to cases shown in previous theoretical analyses, in which the penetration did not slow down due to the plasma pushing8 and was even enhanced by such a pushing.13 When there is more than one particle species, a ...
State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many other states are known, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and neutron-degenerate matter, but these only occur in extreme situations such as ultra cold or ultra dense matter. Other states, such as quark–gluon plasmas, are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as well as neutral atoms, it contains a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. Plasma is the most common form of visible matter in the universe.The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but a system can contain several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (see Phase (matter) for more discussion of the difference between the two terms).