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... A melt eventually transforms to a glass if crystallization is by-passed upon cooling. This transition from a liquid to a solid is accompanied by marked changes in second-order thermodynamic properties. To account for these changes, it is useful to assume that properties of liquids are made of two la ...
... A melt eventually transforms to a glass if crystallization is by-passed upon cooling. This transition from a liquid to a solid is accompanied by marked changes in second-order thermodynamic properties. To account for these changes, it is useful to assume that properties of liquids are made of two la ...
Efficient Energy Conversion of the 14MeV Neutrons in DT
... In the LIFE [1] laser fusion concept of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the gain of the deuterium-tritium (DT) target must be kept low to protect the laser from being “toasted” by the photon flash of the DT micro-explosion. To make up for the low gain, it is there proposed to use the neu ...
... In the LIFE [1] laser fusion concept of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the gain of the deuterium-tritium (DT) target must be kept low to protect the laser from being “toasted” by the photon flash of the DT micro-explosion. To make up for the low gain, it is there proposed to use the neu ...
Structural basis for the fast phase change of DVD-RAM
... pattern of Ge2Sb2Te5 (953 K) and GeTe (1073 K) liquids show a typical halo pattern peculiar to non-crystalline materials, reflecting the lack of the long-range periodicity. These diffraction patterns show a highly disordered state (liquid state) in which both Ge2Sb2Te5 and GeTe have to undergo durin ...
... pattern of Ge2Sb2Te5 (953 K) and GeTe (1073 K) liquids show a typical halo pattern peculiar to non-crystalline materials, reflecting the lack of the long-range periodicity. These diffraction patterns show a highly disordered state (liquid state) in which both Ge2Sb2Te5 and GeTe have to undergo durin ...
org - thermal physics ib2 09
... motion with a variety of speeds. 2. The volume of the particles is negligible compared to the volume occupied by the entire gas. 3. The size of the particles is negligible compared to the distance between them. 4. Collisions between particles and collisions between particles and the walls of the con ...
... motion with a variety of speeds. 2. The volume of the particles is negligible compared to the volume occupied by the entire gas. 3. The size of the particles is negligible compared to the distance between them. 4. Collisions between particles and collisions between particles and the walls of the con ...
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
... Kinetic molecular theory, KMT for short, is very different from thermodynamics although it deals with some of the same variables, such as pressure, temperature, volume, and density. Thermodynamics does not care whether molecules exist or not. Essentially all the results of thermodynamics can be work ...
... Kinetic molecular theory, KMT for short, is very different from thermodynamics although it deals with some of the same variables, such as pressure, temperature, volume, and density. Thermodynamics does not care whether molecules exist or not. Essentially all the results of thermodynamics can be work ...
density
... • the volume measurement of a density problem can calculated in two ways: • water displacement = method for measuring the volume of an irregular object. • an object is dropped into a measured amount of water in a graduated cylinder or beaker. • the difference between the initial volume of the water ...
... • the volume measurement of a density problem can calculated in two ways: • water displacement = method for measuring the volume of an irregular object. • an object is dropped into a measured amount of water in a graduated cylinder or beaker. • the difference between the initial volume of the water ...
Early models of the atom
... ratio for the cathode rays. His results showed that these particles are all identical, no matter what material is used for the cathode or what gas was sealed inside the tube. In 1909 R.A. Millikan determined the charge of an electron and shows that this was the smallest possible charge that could be ...
... ratio for the cathode rays. His results showed that these particles are all identical, no matter what material is used for the cathode or what gas was sealed inside the tube. In 1909 R.A. Millikan determined the charge of an electron and shows that this was the smallest possible charge that could be ...
The Ideal Gas Law and the Kinetic Theory of Gasses
... CV = 5/2 R Doing the arithmetic and comparing to the table, we see that we are very close for diatomic molecules. Finally, vibrational motion can also contribute to the heat capacity of gasses. Molecular bonds are not rigid but can stretch and bend. However, for most diatomic gasses, this does not c ...
... CV = 5/2 R Doing the arithmetic and comparing to the table, we see that we are very close for diatomic molecules. Finally, vibrational motion can also contribute to the heat capacity of gasses. Molecular bonds are not rigid but can stretch and bend. However, for most diatomic gasses, this does not c ...
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
... The absorption-emission mechanism:When a laser beam (of suitable frequency) collides an atom moving toward the beam, the atom may absorb the laser photon energy, and recoil. This leads to the slowing of the atom. In the proves, the electron in the atom will jump up to a higher level. Then, it sponta ...
... The absorption-emission mechanism:When a laser beam (of suitable frequency) collides an atom moving toward the beam, the atom may absorb the laser photon energy, and recoil. This leads to the slowing of the atom. In the proves, the electron in the atom will jump up to a higher level. Then, it sponta ...
Composition and Structure of Earth`s Interior
... What is Earth made of? • Atoms – Contrast plasma ... – All processes governed by • Atomic arrangement (structure) • Atomic dynamics (bonding) ...
... What is Earth made of? • Atoms – Contrast plasma ... – All processes governed by • Atomic arrangement (structure) • Atomic dynamics (bonding) ...
Chapter 3: Properties of Pure Substances
... anisotropic stress, and external force fields are absent. Homogeneous Substance A substance that has uniform thermodynamic properties throughout is said to be homogeneous. ...
... anisotropic stress, and external force fields are absent. Homogeneous Substance A substance that has uniform thermodynamic properties throughout is said to be homogeneous. ...
From Landau levels to quantum Hall effects
... So Fractional Quantized Hall States are understood as filled Landau Levels of particles in a fictitious magnetic field, within a partially-full Landau Level of the true magnetic field. The fictitious magnetic field is an emergent phenomenon, an effective interaction that emerges from the collective ...
... So Fractional Quantized Hall States are understood as filled Landau Levels of particles in a fictitious magnetic field, within a partially-full Landau Level of the true magnetic field. The fictitious magnetic field is an emergent phenomenon, an effective interaction that emerges from the collective ...
This reproduction of Heaviside`s article is an unedited copy of the
... attract from infinity, without any apparent source. But it is merely the exhaustion of potential energy of unknown amount and distribution. Potential energy, when regarded merely as expressive of the work that can be done by forces depending upon configuration, does not admit of much argument. It is ...
... attract from infinity, without any apparent source. But it is merely the exhaustion of potential energy of unknown amount and distribution. Potential energy, when regarded merely as expressive of the work that can be done by forces depending upon configuration, does not admit of much argument. It is ...
The Formation of Freckles in Binary Alloys
... nature of a dendritic mush, when flow chimneys are present (Roberts & Loper, 1983). The specific situation addressed was that of cooling from below, typified by the experiment on ammonium chloride by Copley et al. (1970). The authors did not attempt to enquire how the chimneys came into being, and s ...
... nature of a dendritic mush, when flow chimneys are present (Roberts & Loper, 1983). The specific situation addressed was that of cooling from below, typified by the experiment on ammonium chloride by Copley et al. (1970). The authors did not attempt to enquire how the chimneys came into being, and s ...
Atoms, Ions and Molecules
... Get charges on pieces. Cations from name of table. Anions from table or polyatomic. Balance the charges by adding ...
... Get charges on pieces. Cations from name of table. Anions from table or polyatomic. Balance the charges by adding ...
Magnetism - Bartol Research Institute
... • S is maximum • L is maximum consistent with S • J=|L-S| for less than half-filled; L+S for more than half filled. ...
... • S is maximum • L is maximum consistent with S • J=|L-S| for less than half-filled; L+S for more than half filled. ...
A-level Physics Specimen question paper Paper 2
... She waits for 3.5 h to allow the injected solution to mix thoroughly with the liquid in the flask. She then extracts 15 cm3 of the liquid from the flask and measures its activity which is found to be 3600 Bq. Calculate the total activity of the sodium-24 in the flask after 3.5 h and hence determine ...
... She waits for 3.5 h to allow the injected solution to mix thoroughly with the liquid in the flask. She then extracts 15 cm3 of the liquid from the flask and measures its activity which is found to be 3600 Bq. Calculate the total activity of the sodium-24 in the flask after 3.5 h and hence determine ...
Test Booklet 5 - Models of the Atom: Project Physics
... What role does the postulate "matter consists of indivisible atoms" play in the development of Dalton's atomic theory? The atomic mass of element A is 6 times that of element B. In a compound containing ...
... What role does the postulate "matter consists of indivisible atoms" play in the development of Dalton's atomic theory? The atomic mass of element A is 6 times that of element B. In a compound containing ...
Notes: Electricity and Magnetism
... the charges will move between each location due to this difference (current). *Be sure to read about conductors and insulators on page 124! Voltage Sources and Electrical Current For charges to ‘flow’ between terminals, there must be a potential difference between them (as described above). Flow alw ...
... the charges will move between each location due to this difference (current). *Be sure to read about conductors and insulators on page 124! Voltage Sources and Electrical Current For charges to ‘flow’ between terminals, there must be a potential difference between them (as described above). Flow alw ...
State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many other states are known, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and neutron-degenerate matter, but these only occur in extreme situations such as ultra cold or ultra dense matter. Other states, such as quark–gluon plasmas, are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as well as neutral atoms, it contains a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. Plasma is the most common form of visible matter in the universe.The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but a system can contain several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (see Phase (matter) for more discussion of the difference between the two terms).