Peripheral Nervous System
... • If a neuron responds at all, it responds completely • A nerve impulse is conducted whenever a stimulus of threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon • All impulses carried on an axon are the same strength ...
... • If a neuron responds at all, it responds completely • A nerve impulse is conducted whenever a stimulus of threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon • All impulses carried on an axon are the same strength ...
ANATOMICAL TERMS
... Abduction – the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body Eg: Moving feet apart to stand spread legged or raising one arm to one side of the body Adduction – movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline of the body Eg: Closing arms back to the chest ...
... Abduction – the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body Eg: Moving feet apart to stand spread legged or raising one arm to one side of the body Adduction – movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline of the body Eg: Closing arms back to the chest ...
PDF
... excitation [15,16] of neuronal activity associated with contralateral acoustic stimulation. The facilitation of neuronal activity observed in previous studies could be related to the complex nature and relatively long duration of sound stimuli, compared with single shock electrical stimulation of th ...
... excitation [15,16] of neuronal activity associated with contralateral acoustic stimulation. The facilitation of neuronal activity observed in previous studies could be related to the complex nature and relatively long duration of sound stimuli, compared with single shock electrical stimulation of th ...
Neural Modeling
... • Then they travel down the axon to terminal branches which have synapses to the next cells. • Action potential is electrical, produced by flow of ion into and out of the cell through ion channels in the membrane. • These channels are open and closed and open in response to voltage changes and each ...
... • Then they travel down the axon to terminal branches which have synapses to the next cells. • Action potential is electrical, produced by flow of ion into and out of the cell through ion channels in the membrane. • These channels are open and closed and open in response to voltage changes and each ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
... B. The Blood-Brain Barrier: The mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain. 1. Why We Need a Blood-Brain Barrier: a. The blood-brain barrier is needed because the brain lacks the type of immune system present in the rest of the body. b. Because neurons cannot be replicated and r ...
... B. The Blood-Brain Barrier: The mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain. 1. Why We Need a Blood-Brain Barrier: a. The blood-brain barrier is needed because the brain lacks the type of immune system present in the rest of the body. b. Because neurons cannot be replicated and r ...
9d. Know the functions of the nervous system and the role of
... • At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this site. • The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. • The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a _______________________. ...
... • At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this site. • The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. • The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a _______________________. ...
Thalamus & Hypothalamus
... • Forms floor and lower walls of third ventricle • Contains various classes of peptidergic neuroendocrine cells which control endocrine function • Communicates with cortex via limbic system and also via direct projections ...
... • Forms floor and lower walls of third ventricle • Contains various classes of peptidergic neuroendocrine cells which control endocrine function • Communicates with cortex via limbic system and also via direct projections ...
(580.422) Lecture 7, Synaptic Transmission
... Examples of changes in the response properties of neurons in the hippocampus due to cAMP modulation. The effect occurs by reducing the conductance of SK type K(Ca) channels. These channels are gated by Ca++ and produce the afterhyperpolarization (ahp) that follows one or more action potentials, as ...
... Examples of changes in the response properties of neurons in the hippocampus due to cAMP modulation. The effect occurs by reducing the conductance of SK type K(Ca) channels. These channels are gated by Ca++ and produce the afterhyperpolarization (ahp) that follows one or more action potentials, as ...
Class Notes
... The midbrain, located between the diencephalon and pons, `contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain, and masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers. ...
... The midbrain, located between the diencephalon and pons, `contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain, and masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers. ...
Review of Neurobiology
... Bind to receptors on dendrite of another cell Postsynaptic cell Receptors are specific Dopamine receptors will only bind dopamine ...
... Bind to receptors on dendrite of another cell Postsynaptic cell Receptors are specific Dopamine receptors will only bind dopamine ...
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... • Proceeds without conscious intention but can be influenced by volition. ...
... • Proceeds without conscious intention but can be influenced by volition. ...
Mechanisms of response homeostasis during retinocollicular map
... with persmission from the Society for Neuroscience). Both control and β2−/− neuron responses are fitted well by a line of slope −1, demonstrating that, in each cell, RF area and response are precisely coordinated (control as grey circles; r 2 = 0.59; β2−/− as black circles; r 2 = 0.58). B, response ...
... with persmission from the Society for Neuroscience). Both control and β2−/− neuron responses are fitted well by a line of slope −1, demonstrating that, in each cell, RF area and response are precisely coordinated (control as grey circles; r 2 = 0.59; β2−/− as black circles; r 2 = 0.58). B, response ...
Cerebellar system and diseases
... Any lesion will cause ataxia , gait disturbance, Walking difficulty ...
... Any lesion will cause ataxia , gait disturbance, Walking difficulty ...
Behavioral Neuroscience: The NeuroPsychological approach
... The actual movement can be estimated in Cartesian coordinates by a linear combination of weighting the preferred directions with the actual firing rate ...
... The actual movement can be estimated in Cartesian coordinates by a linear combination of weighting the preferred directions with the actual firing rate ...
Respiratory and Nervous Systems
... The neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft. The neurotransmitters bind with specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Depolarization occurs on the postsynaptic membrane if threshold is reached. The neurotransmitter is destroyed by an enzyme (ex. acetylcholinesterase) or reabsorbed back in ...
... The neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft. The neurotransmitters bind with specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Depolarization occurs on the postsynaptic membrane if threshold is reached. The neurotransmitter is destroyed by an enzyme (ex. acetylcholinesterase) or reabsorbed back in ...
BUILDING AN ARTIFICIAL BRAIN
... any a priori knowledge of how to achieve it… • Requires the desired Input/Output function! ...
... any a priori knowledge of how to achieve it… • Requires the desired Input/Output function! ...
Transcripts/01_05 1
... a. Neurons use a lot of cytoskeletal elements (e.g. microtubules or microfilaments) b. Cross section of a dendrite [S17] i. There are a lot of structural components in the axon and throughout the neuron because it needs to maintain its dendritic structure as well, so we have these MAPs (microtubule ...
... a. Neurons use a lot of cytoskeletal elements (e.g. microtubules or microfilaments) b. Cross section of a dendrite [S17] i. There are a lot of structural components in the axon and throughout the neuron because it needs to maintain its dendritic structure as well, so we have these MAPs (microtubule ...
The Cerebral Cortex
... In which lobe is the motor cortex located? How does the location of the motor cortex help us to better understand the function? ...
... In which lobe is the motor cortex located? How does the location of the motor cortex help us to better understand the function? ...
chapter32_part2shorter
... • A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus, a movement or other action that does not require thought • Examples: Stretch reflex, knee-jerk reflex, withdrawal reflex • Spinal reflexes do not involve the brain • Sensory signals flow to the spinal cord, which commands a response by way of motor ...
... • A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus, a movement or other action that does not require thought • Examples: Stretch reflex, knee-jerk reflex, withdrawal reflex • Spinal reflexes do not involve the brain • Sensory signals flow to the spinal cord, which commands a response by way of motor ...
Long-term depression
... Single Action Potential Glu ---> AMPA depolarization Glu ---> NMDA does not open Mg++ blocks channel no Ca++ into postsynaptic cell Followed by more APs ~ ...
... Single Action Potential Glu ---> AMPA depolarization Glu ---> NMDA does not open Mg++ blocks channel no Ca++ into postsynaptic cell Followed by more APs ~ ...
突觸與神經訊號傳遞 - 國立交通大學開放式課程
... Synapse The synaptic terminal of one axon passes information across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. ...
... Synapse The synaptic terminal of one axon passes information across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. ...
Basal Ganglia
... However under normal conditions this does not happens and the Indirect Pathway is not able to overcome the strong STR brake on GPi/SNr over the Direct Pathway. ...
... However under normal conditions this does not happens and the Indirect Pathway is not able to overcome the strong STR brake on GPi/SNr over the Direct Pathway. ...
Chapter Outline
... e. Acetylcholinesterase (AChe) breaks down acetylcholine. f. In other synapses, the presynaptic membrane reabsorbs the neurotransmitter for repackaging in synaptic vesicles or for molecular breakdown. g. The short existence of neurotransmitters in a synapse prevents continuous stimulation (or inhibi ...
... e. Acetylcholinesterase (AChe) breaks down acetylcholine. f. In other synapses, the presynaptic membrane reabsorbs the neurotransmitter for repackaging in synaptic vesicles or for molecular breakdown. g. The short existence of neurotransmitters in a synapse prevents continuous stimulation (or inhibi ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.