pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
... Because the SC–MD–FEF pathway on each side of the brain represents only contraversive saccades10, a further prediction was that our unilateral inactivations would eliminate corollary discharge for contraversive saccades only. Therefore shifts accompanying contraversive saccades, but not ipsiversive ...
... Because the SC–MD–FEF pathway on each side of the brain represents only contraversive saccades10, a further prediction was that our unilateral inactivations would eliminate corollary discharge for contraversive saccades only. Therefore shifts accompanying contraversive saccades, but not ipsiversive ...
Basics of Neuroscience
... focused on holistic & visual-spatial processing • Two hemispheres work closely together & it is often hard to differentiate their different functions as brain operates • Many neural structures in evolving brain were duplicated so that there is one in each hemisphere • Usual way of talking about comp ...
... focused on holistic & visual-spatial processing • Two hemispheres work closely together & it is often hard to differentiate their different functions as brain operates • Many neural structures in evolving brain were duplicated so that there is one in each hemisphere • Usual way of talking about comp ...
Chemistry of Neurotransmitters
... few milliseconds, the ACh released has been eliminated again. The cleavage products choline and acetate are taken up again by the presynaptic neuron and reused for acetylcholine synthesis. ...
... few milliseconds, the ACh released has been eliminated again. The cleavage products choline and acetate are taken up again by the presynaptic neuron and reused for acetylcholine synthesis. ...
Bi150 (2005)
... The nose can detect and (in principle) classify thousands of different compounds. The ‘mapping’ of these compounds probably occurs by matching to memory templates stored in the brain; thus, a smell is categorized based on one’s previous experiences of it and on the other sensory stimuli that correla ...
... The nose can detect and (in principle) classify thousands of different compounds. The ‘mapping’ of these compounds probably occurs by matching to memory templates stored in the brain; thus, a smell is categorized based on one’s previous experiences of it and on the other sensory stimuli that correla ...
12 The Central Nervous System Part A Central Nervous System
... Diencephalon Central core of the forebrain Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus Encloses the third ventricle Diencephalon Thalamus Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle Connected at the midline by the intermediate ...
... Diencephalon Central core of the forebrain Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus Encloses the third ventricle Diencephalon Thalamus Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle Connected at the midline by the intermediate ...
Chapter 2: Psychology As a Science
... Action potentials travel down the axon by jumping from node to node. ...
... Action potentials travel down the axon by jumping from node to node. ...
atterning the nervous system through development and evolution: a
... stress do not avoid subsequent aversive stimuli. The Jesuthasan lab demonstrated that larval zebrafish also display this “learned helplessness” when subjected to inescapable stress. To identify the circuit mediating the computation of control, they examined the effect of disrupting different neurons ...
... stress do not avoid subsequent aversive stimuli. The Jesuthasan lab demonstrated that larval zebrafish also display this “learned helplessness” when subjected to inescapable stress. To identify the circuit mediating the computation of control, they examined the effect of disrupting different neurons ...
Zebrafish primary neurons initiate expression of the
... of nucleus of posterior commissure. In E the solid lines represent segment borders. Bars, 50 µm. ...
... of nucleus of posterior commissure. In E the solid lines represent segment borders. Bars, 50 µm. ...
Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye–hand coordination. Our findings suggest that these functions are subserved by distinct subcortical systems from the superior colliculus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, the findi ...
... attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye–hand coordination. Our findings suggest that these functions are subserved by distinct subcortical systems from the superior colliculus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, the findi ...
Spinal Cord - Mesa Community College
... Spinal nerve - has bundles of axons of both motor and sensory neurons, therefore it is a mixed nerve The anterior root and the posterior root combine to form the spinal nerve Posterior (dorsal) root - connection to spinal cord from the peripheral nervous system that carries only sensory information ...
... Spinal nerve - has bundles of axons of both motor and sensory neurons, therefore it is a mixed nerve The anterior root and the posterior root combine to form the spinal nerve Posterior (dorsal) root - connection to spinal cord from the peripheral nervous system that carries only sensory information ...
16-1 INTRODUCTION The ANS regulates many important functions
... 3. When both divisions innervate the same organ, one division usually has a bigger effect. For example, the parasympathetic division is most important for regulating the digestive tract. Opposite Effects 1. As a general rule, each division opposes the actions of the other division when they innervat ...
... 3. When both divisions innervate the same organ, one division usually has a bigger effect. For example, the parasympathetic division is most important for regulating the digestive tract. Opposite Effects 1. As a general rule, each division opposes the actions of the other division when they innervat ...
Epilepsy in Small
... before the first cells recovered. The refractory period can be generated by many mechanisms, either presynaptic or postsynaptic, and we leave this undetermined. The important factor is that the refractory time is on the order of the time it takes activity to spread throughout the network in the burs ...
... before the first cells recovered. The refractory period can be generated by many mechanisms, either presynaptic or postsynaptic, and we leave this undetermined. The important factor is that the refractory time is on the order of the time it takes activity to spread throughout the network in the burs ...
16-1 INTRODUCTION The ANS regulates many important functions
... 3. When both divisions innervate the same organ, one division usually has a bigger effect. For example, the parasympathetic division is most important for regulating the digestive tract. Opposite Effects 1. As a general rule, each division opposes the actions of the other division when they innervat ...
... 3. When both divisions innervate the same organ, one division usually has a bigger effect. For example, the parasympathetic division is most important for regulating the digestive tract. Opposite Effects 1. As a general rule, each division opposes the actions of the other division when they innervat ...
What`s New in Understanding the Brain
... This results in poor integration at the lowest level of input, and can thus cause one sense to de-synchronize higher levels of processing of another sense creating problems in the conscious perception of the second sense. A Central Auditory Processing Problem (CAPP) results from poor integration ...
... This results in poor integration at the lowest level of input, and can thus cause one sense to de-synchronize higher levels of processing of another sense creating problems in the conscious perception of the second sense. A Central Auditory Processing Problem (CAPP) results from poor integration ...
Chapter 2
... y The Principle of Equifinality Concept in developmental psychopathology Several paths to a given outcome Paths may operate differentially at different developmental stages Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology y Multiple Causation Is the rule, not the exception in e ...
... y The Principle of Equifinality Concept in developmental psychopathology Several paths to a given outcome Paths may operate differentially at different developmental stages Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology y Multiple Causation Is the rule, not the exception in e ...
motor neuron
... Blockage of the inhibitory input to the medullary reticular area from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia inhibitor system to - motor neuron becomes low functional increase muscle tonus a-decerebrate rigidity Increase a-motor neuron activity by vestibular nucleus de-inhibition ...
... Blockage of the inhibitory input to the medullary reticular area from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia inhibitor system to - motor neuron becomes low functional increase muscle tonus a-decerebrate rigidity Increase a-motor neuron activity by vestibular nucleus de-inhibition ...
Phase IIB / PHGY 825 Organization of the Brain Stem Organization
... lateral medullary and pontine reticular formation: • Chewing is coordinated by neurons near the trigeminal motor nucleus. • Lip movements are coordinated by neurons near the facial motor nucleus. • Movements of the tongue are coordinated by neurons near the hypoglossal nucleus. These neurons coordin ...
... lateral medullary and pontine reticular formation: • Chewing is coordinated by neurons near the trigeminal motor nucleus. • Lip movements are coordinated by neurons near the facial motor nucleus. • Movements of the tongue are coordinated by neurons near the hypoglossal nucleus. These neurons coordin ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... Cognition is best understood by examining a model of a cognitive system. Such a model is presented in the following paper. Most discussions of the mind or brain focus on the "hardware", the neural structure and its biological / electrochemical functioning. But, it is the "software", how the neural c ...
... Cognition is best understood by examining a model of a cognitive system. Such a model is presented in the following paper. Most discussions of the mind or brain focus on the "hardware", the neural structure and its biological / electrochemical functioning. But, it is the "software", how the neural c ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... of connections between individual tectal neurons, probably because the connections exist across layers and so could not be identified using the whole brain or in vivo preparation. In addition to being able to record from neurons across layers, this horizontal brain slice preparation also provides di ...
... of connections between individual tectal neurons, probably because the connections exist across layers and so could not be identified using the whole brain or in vivo preparation. In addition to being able to record from neurons across layers, this horizontal brain slice preparation also provides di ...
5. Discussion - UvA-DARE - University of Amsterdam
... The last chapter revolved around the question of how a change in brain state, i.e. the difference between wakefulness and being under anesthesia, alters activity patterns of neurons in the primary visual cortex that emerge spontaneously and in response to visual stimuli. Using two-photon calcium ima ...
... The last chapter revolved around the question of how a change in brain state, i.e. the difference between wakefulness and being under anesthesia, alters activity patterns of neurons in the primary visual cortex that emerge spontaneously and in response to visual stimuli. Using two-photon calcium ima ...
23 Comp Review 1
... so the inside is more negative. • However, as the inside of the cell is becoming more negative, the outside of the cell is becoming more positive, and the positive charges will want to flow back inside of the cell since they are attracted to the negative charges. • This is what keeps K+ from just le ...
... so the inside is more negative. • However, as the inside of the cell is becoming more negative, the outside of the cell is becoming more positive, and the positive charges will want to flow back inside of the cell since they are attracted to the negative charges. • This is what keeps K+ from just le ...
Ratio of Glia and Ne..
... and glial cells in the human brain. They encountered difficulties right away. The most rigorous method involves slicing up different regions of a fresh or preserved brain into thin sheets of brain prosciutto, counting cells in each sheet under a microscope and multiplying cell counts by total brain ...
... and glial cells in the human brain. They encountered difficulties right away. The most rigorous method involves slicing up different regions of a fresh or preserved brain into thin sheets of brain prosciutto, counting cells in each sheet under a microscope and multiplying cell counts by total brain ...
Neural Plasticity in Auditory Cortex
... location of the unitary self or soul. However, in 1870 Fritsch and Hitzig, two German medical students, used focal electrical stimulation to discover the motor cortex. Also during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, David Ferrier, an English physiologist, used brain lesions to approximately ...
... location of the unitary self or soul. However, in 1870 Fritsch and Hitzig, two German medical students, used focal electrical stimulation to discover the motor cortex. Also during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, David Ferrier, an English physiologist, used brain lesions to approximately ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.