Autonomic Nervous System I and II
... through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion and then to the adrenal medulla. ...
... through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there or An axon may pass through the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion and then to the adrenal medulla. ...
Neural Plasticity in Auditory Cortex
... location of the unitary self or soul. However, in 1870 Fritsch and Hitzig, two German medical students, used focal electrical stimulation to discover the motor cortex. Also during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, David Ferrier, an English physiologist, used brain lesions to approximately ...
... location of the unitary self or soul. However, in 1870 Fritsch and Hitzig, two German medical students, used focal electrical stimulation to discover the motor cortex. Also during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, David Ferrier, an English physiologist, used brain lesions to approximately ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... internal criterion, or willingness to make certain types of errors. In the light-detection task, some subjects might be willing to falsely report seeing a flash if they are unsure, while others will only report seeing the flash if they are absolutely certain. Therefore, most studies focus only on ch ...
... internal criterion, or willingness to make certain types of errors. In the light-detection task, some subjects might be willing to falsely report seeing a flash if they are unsure, while others will only report seeing the flash if they are absolutely certain. Therefore, most studies focus only on ch ...
Nervous System
... c. lab animals who have received stimulation as infants show more dendritic branching C. Axon (term comes from Greek word meaning axis) 1. single fiber that is thicker and longer than dendrites 2. axon may have many branches at its end 3. axons may be very short (1 micron) to very long (1 meter) dep ...
... c. lab animals who have received stimulation as infants show more dendritic branching C. Axon (term comes from Greek word meaning axis) 1. single fiber that is thicker and longer than dendrites 2. axon may have many branches at its end 3. axons may be very short (1 micron) to very long (1 meter) dep ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... feeding, thermoregulatory and other behavioral responses. The neural processes resulting from electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus or limbic forebrain must eventually influence the motor system to produce the attack, feeding or other behaviors observed. However, little progress has been made i ...
... feeding, thermoregulatory and other behavioral responses. The neural processes resulting from electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus or limbic forebrain must eventually influence the motor system to produce the attack, feeding or other behaviors observed. However, little progress has been made i ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, and this has led to some researchers emphasizing the similarities whereas others focus on the differences. In general, despite of ...
... humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, and this has led to some researchers emphasizing the similarities whereas others focus on the differences. In general, despite of ...
Cerebral Cortex
... Lateral prefrontal neurons show stimulus-specific sustained discharge during the delay period. This sustained activity has been interpreted to be the neural correlate of maintenance processes that take place during the delay, and thus has been taken to be the neural signature of working memory. The ...
... Lateral prefrontal neurons show stimulus-specific sustained discharge during the delay period. This sustained activity has been interpreted to be the neural correlate of maintenance processes that take place during the delay, and thus has been taken to be the neural signature of working memory. The ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 40.1 Periodic activation in sleep cycles
... are shown as red circles; postulated excitatory connections as green circles; and cholinergic pontine nuclei are shown as blue circles. It should be noted that the actual synaptic signs of many of the aminergic and reticular pathways remain to be demonstrated, and, in many cases, the neuronal archit ...
... are shown as red circles; postulated excitatory connections as green circles; and cholinergic pontine nuclei are shown as blue circles. It should be noted that the actual synaptic signs of many of the aminergic and reticular pathways remain to be demonstrated, and, in many cases, the neuronal archit ...
The ventral striatum in goal-directed behavior and - UvA-DARE
... Experimental animal studies require a different definition of declarative and episodic memory, because animals are not able to make overt reports about what they remember. It has been argued that episodic-like memories should contain at least a “what”, a “where” and a “when” component (Tulving, 1972 ...
... Experimental animal studies require a different definition of declarative and episodic memory, because animals are not able to make overt reports about what they remember. It has been argued that episodic-like memories should contain at least a “what”, a “where” and a “when” component (Tulving, 1972 ...
AND X 2
... The First Neural Networks Another example: how to model To model this we will assume that time is discrete ...
... The First Neural Networks Another example: how to model To model this we will assume that time is discrete ...
Gluck_OutlinePPT_Ch02
... A way to map cortical areas (homunculus) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) involves placing a magnet on the skull. ...
... A way to map cortical areas (homunculus) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) involves placing a magnet on the skull. ...
The effect of fasting on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic arcuate
... with vacuoles budding off the ends of the smooth ER cisternae (Figs. 4D, 6B). One whorl was usually observed within a single cell. Occasionally, interconnected whorls were also stated (Fig. 5A). The outer membranes of two adjacent whorls were directly connected and were found to continue with the ci ...
... with vacuoles budding off the ends of the smooth ER cisternae (Figs. 4D, 6B). One whorl was usually observed within a single cell. Occasionally, interconnected whorls were also stated (Fig. 5A). The outer membranes of two adjacent whorls were directly connected and were found to continue with the ci ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... tentatively concluded that deafferentation per se is sufficient to induce sleep, this last observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that ...
... tentatively concluded that deafferentation per se is sufficient to induce sleep, this last observation concerning visual stimuli indicates that some neural mechanism in addition to the direct sensory pathways is required for the maintenance of wakefulness. In 1949 Moruzzi and Magoun discovered that ...
Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network
... the excitatory connections from excitatory neurons to interneurons and the inhibitory connections from interneurons to excitatory neurons. In our model, we assume the forward connections between the excitatory and the inhibitory neurons to be strong, so that each spike of an excitatory neuron trigge ...
... the excitatory connections from excitatory neurons to interneurons and the inhibitory connections from interneurons to excitatory neurons. In our model, we assume the forward connections between the excitatory and the inhibitory neurons to be strong, so that each spike of an excitatory neuron trigge ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... and atonia on the EMG. Neurons that are active during waking (red symbols) include cells with ascending projections toward the cortex, which stimulate fast cortical activity, and cells with descending projections toward the spinal cord, which stimulate postural muscle tone and behavioral arousal. Th ...
... and atonia on the EMG. Neurons that are active during waking (red symbols) include cells with ascending projections toward the cortex, which stimulate fast cortical activity, and cells with descending projections toward the spinal cord, which stimulate postural muscle tone and behavioral arousal. Th ...
Anat3_08_Autonomic_Nervous_System1
... increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in the effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands). Examples of autonomic motor responses include: changes in the diameter of the pupils, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, adjustment of the rate and force of the ...
... increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in the effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands). Examples of autonomic motor responses include: changes in the diameter of the pupils, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, adjustment of the rate and force of the ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... To investigate whether L2/3 interneurons are targets of monosynaptic input from layer 4, paired whole-cell voltage recordFigure 3. Latency of L4-to-L2/3 interneuron connections. A, Reconstruction of the dendrites and axon of the presynaptic L4 ings were made in acute slices of P20 –P29 neuron (red, ...
... To investigate whether L2/3 interneurons are targets of monosynaptic input from layer 4, paired whole-cell voltage recordFigure 3. Latency of L4-to-L2/3 interneuron connections. A, Reconstruction of the dendrites and axon of the presynaptic L4 ings were made in acute slices of P20 –P29 neuron (red, ...
New Insights into Neuron-Glia Communication
... neurotransmitter release from astrocytes be Interestingly, sudden increases or decreases in reconciled with the well-established role of spike firing are both observed after a transient these cells in clearing neurotransmitter from rise in astrocytic cytoplasmic Ca2⫹. Whether the synaptic cleft (26) ...
... neurotransmitter release from astrocytes be Interestingly, sudden increases or decreases in reconciled with the well-established role of spike firing are both observed after a transient these cells in clearing neurotransmitter from rise in astrocytic cytoplasmic Ca2⫹. Whether the synaptic cleft (26) ...
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
... How do local circuits of the honeybee AL transform the RN responses into temporal complex and contrast-enhanced representations of odors at the output level? Using pharmacological tools such as the chloride channel blocker picrotoxin (PTX), the inhibitory interactions within the AL could be investig ...
... How do local circuits of the honeybee AL transform the RN responses into temporal complex and contrast-enhanced representations of odors at the output level? Using pharmacological tools such as the chloride channel blocker picrotoxin (PTX), the inhibitory interactions within the AL could be investig ...
Nerve
... smaller than neurons; capable of mitosis assist neurons with functions; protect and nourish neurons • 4 types – distinguished by size, intracellular organization, presence of specific cytoplasmic processes ...
... smaller than neurons; capable of mitosis assist neurons with functions; protect and nourish neurons • 4 types – distinguished by size, intracellular organization, presence of specific cytoplasmic processes ...
Continuing Education Independent Study Series
... usual organelles found in other cells. Neuron cell bodies are gray in color and may be referred to as gray matter. Clusters of neuron cell bodies within the CNS are called nuclei; within the PNS they are referred to as ganglia. Dendrites are thick extensions of the cell body cytoplasm. The distal en ...
... usual organelles found in other cells. Neuron cell bodies are gray in color and may be referred to as gray matter. Clusters of neuron cell bodies within the CNS are called nuclei; within the PNS they are referred to as ganglia. Dendrites are thick extensions of the cell body cytoplasm. The distal en ...
Jukic et al. SUPPLEMANTARY SUPLEMENTARY METHODS En1+/
... 5HT neurons projecting to the spinal cord, are less likely to be involved in these disorders. 4. Since En1+/Otx2 mutants exhibit alterations in the specification of monoaminergic neurons rather than in their migration or projection (Brodski, et al 2003), only studies that report this aspect of devel ...
... 5HT neurons projecting to the spinal cord, are less likely to be involved in these disorders. 4. Since En1+/Otx2 mutants exhibit alterations in the specification of monoaminergic neurons rather than in their migration or projection (Brodski, et al 2003), only studies that report this aspect of devel ...
The visual-oculomotor striatum of the cat: functional relationship to
... nuclei, for example the ventromedial nucleus (VM), are direct targets of the basal-ganglia outflow streams arising in the entopeduncular nucleus (EN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr; Hendry et al. 1979). These outflow signals reaching VM can be sent back to the striatum as part of a fe ...
... nuclei, for example the ventromedial nucleus (VM), are direct targets of the basal-ganglia outflow streams arising in the entopeduncular nucleus (EN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr; Hendry et al. 1979). These outflow signals reaching VM can be sent back to the striatum as part of a fe ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.