S4_Aschwanden
... -Isolated loops don’t exist -Every background consists of loops itself -Disentangling of nested loop strands often impossible due to lack of 3D information and insufficient resolution -Background is often ill-defined because it requires modeling of background loops ad infinitum ...
... -Isolated loops don’t exist -Every background consists of loops itself -Disentangling of nested loop strands often impossible due to lack of 3D information and insufficient resolution -Background is often ill-defined because it requires modeling of background loops ad infinitum ...
1. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of
... (b) Orientation of stable equilibrium is one where the area vector A of the loop is in the direction of external field. In this orientation, the magnetic field produced by the loop is in the same direction as external field, both normal to the plane of the loop, thus giving rise to maximum flux of t ...
... (b) Orientation of stable equilibrium is one where the area vector A of the loop is in the direction of external field. In this orientation, the magnetic field produced by the loop is in the same direction as external field, both normal to the plane of the loop, thus giving rise to maximum flux of t ...
Electrical conductivity of graphite
... resistive material for a greater distance, and thus the overall resistance is increased. On the other hand, an increased cross-sectional area increases the space through which the current can follow, and thus it can flow more easily leading to a decline in the resistance (Henderson, 2012). The resis ...
... resistive material for a greater distance, and thus the overall resistance is increased. On the other hand, an increased cross-sectional area increases the space through which the current can follow, and thus it can flow more easily leading to a decline in the resistance (Henderson, 2012). The resis ...
Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
... vacuum permeability. The lowest energy the ground-state energy, is reached for and parallel. Using Eq. (2.1.6) and one finds for one single electron ...
... vacuum permeability. The lowest energy the ground-state energy, is reached for and parallel. Using Eq. (2.1.6) and one finds for one single electron ...
MEASURING SOIL RESISTIVITY
... At constant temperature, the resistivity of a metal conductor of a given length and section is a specific characteristic of the material and depends on its nature. It is expressed in ohm-meters (Ω.m): ρ = R x S/L where ρ = resistivity of the material (Ω.m); R = resistance measured (Ω); L = length of ...
... At constant temperature, the resistivity of a metal conductor of a given length and section is a specific characteristic of the material and depends on its nature. It is expressed in ohm-meters (Ω.m): ρ = R x S/L where ρ = resistivity of the material (Ω.m); R = resistance measured (Ω); L = length of ...
magnetism - Sakshi Education
... 29. Couple acting an a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field. i) When a magnet with magnetic moment M is suspended in a uniform field of induction B at an angle θ with the field direction then the couple acting on the magnet, C = MB sinθ and vectorially C = M × B ii) When θ = 90° C is maximum. If | ...
... 29. Couple acting an a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field. i) When a magnet with magnetic moment M is suspended in a uniform field of induction B at an angle θ with the field direction then the couple acting on the magnet, C = MB sinθ and vectorially C = M × B ii) When θ = 90° C is maximum. If | ...
All about Magnets
... 1. A Magnet can attract some metals, including IRON, COBALT and NICKEL. They are called magnetic metals. Each metal can be made into magnet. 2. A Magnet can attract Steel, which is an alloy with mainly iron and 1-2% carbon. 3. A Magnet produces a magnetic field or force. The field can be visualised ...
... 1. A Magnet can attract some metals, including IRON, COBALT and NICKEL. They are called magnetic metals. Each metal can be made into magnet. 2. A Magnet can attract Steel, which is an alloy with mainly iron and 1-2% carbon. 3. A Magnet produces a magnetic field or force. The field can be visualised ...
A Magnetic Trap for Evaporative Cooling of Rb Atoms
... magnetic trap for further cooling. From equation (1.2), we see that if gmF > 0, that we have a weak-field seeking state that needs a minimum of B in order to be trapped, while for gmF < 0, we have a strong-field seeking state, being trapped at a maximum of B. It can be shown that no local maxima of ...
... magnetic trap for further cooling. From equation (1.2), we see that if gmF > 0, that we have a weak-field seeking state that needs a minimum of B in order to be trapped, while for gmF < 0, we have a strong-field seeking state, being trapped at a maximum of B. It can be shown that no local maxima of ...
Magnetic Flux Density (Cont`d)
... Ampere’s force law describes an “action at a distance” analogous to Coulomb’s law. In Coulomb’s law, it was useful to introduce the concept of an electric field to describe the interaction between the charges. In Ampere’s law, we can define an appropriate field that may be regarded as the means by w ...
... Ampere’s force law describes an “action at a distance” analogous to Coulomb’s law. In Coulomb’s law, it was useful to introduce the concept of an electric field to describe the interaction between the charges. In Ampere’s law, we can define an appropriate field that may be regarded as the means by w ...
Magnetic Flux Density (Cont`d)
... Ampere’s force law describes an “action at a distance” analogous to Coulomb’s law. In Coulomb’s law, it was useful to introduce the concept of an electric field to describe the interaction between the charges. In Ampere’s law, we can define an appropriate field that may be regarded as the means by w ...
... Ampere’s force law describes an “action at a distance” analogous to Coulomb’s law. In Coulomb’s law, it was useful to introduce the concept of an electric field to describe the interaction between the charges. In Ampere’s law, we can define an appropriate field that may be regarded as the means by w ...
Influence of patterning the TCO layer on the
... From [11], cylindrical holes lead to a significantly lower f f than reverse pyramids, and so to a lower degradation ratio r (Fig. 4). For this reason, we focus on cylindrical nanoholes optimized by 3D FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations. As the parasitic absorption occurs in the short wav ...
... From [11], cylindrical holes lead to a significantly lower f f than reverse pyramids, and so to a lower degradation ratio r (Fig. 4). For this reason, we focus on cylindrical nanoholes optimized by 3D FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations. As the parasitic absorption occurs in the short wav ...
Applied Physics letters 86, 164101 (2005)
... blends. As the mixing percentage increases, the exciton dissociation increases and the diffusion counter-current decreases, resulting in substantially greater short circuit currents but reduced open circuit voltages. Blended structures are more sensitive to mobility than layers due to recombination ...
... blends. As the mixing percentage increases, the exciton dissociation increases and the diffusion counter-current decreases, resulting in substantially greater short circuit currents but reduced open circuit voltages. Blended structures are more sensitive to mobility than layers due to recombination ...
1 Relationship between the magnetic hyperfine field and the
... constant strongly depend on the atomic configurations, and it ranges between 12.0 T/µB and –12.5 T/µB depending on the number of Fe and Cr atoms in the first two coordination shells [18]. Neglecting these differences among various approaches applied in the theoretical calculation it is clear that th ...
... constant strongly depend on the atomic configurations, and it ranges between 12.0 T/µB and –12.5 T/µB depending on the number of Fe and Cr atoms in the first two coordination shells [18]. Neglecting these differences among various approaches applied in the theoretical calculation it is clear that th ...
Giant magnetoresistance
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.