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SEISMIC ACTIVITY, GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
SEISMIC ACTIVITY, GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS

... A number of changes in the recent past have modified the capacity to use micro earthquakes for geothermal studies. Recent studies have focused on the use of natural earthquake activity as a tool for geothermal evaluation of the heat source, fluid flow channels-permeability and reservoir properties. ...
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... Liang Zhao, my graduate student, has a very interesting poster here at SHINE, which I think resolves our concerns. •Liang uses solar wind composition to identify solar wind that originates from the streamer belt, in a band that surrounds the current sheet. It has an identifiable composition in sola ...
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... ceramic materials that either have a suitable texture or exhibit a net spontaneous polarization. The most common piezoelectric materials which are widely used in applications include lead zirconate titanate (PZT, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ) and lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT, Pb(La,Zr,Ti)O3 ). Many polym ...
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... intern al layers to the surface exceeds the diffusion during thermal treatment by several orders of magnitude. A consequence of this fact is the possibility of the formation of princi pally different structure of the surface, and therefore the possibility of changes in the properties of well-known m ...
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... sometimes just incremental) in diversification and improvement of candidates for numerous permanent magnetic applications. However, earlier researchers did not have the analytical probes and tools that are available today. In the last few years, recent insights derived from advanced tools, design of ...
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... temperatures. The temperature effect is different for different elements. Metals gain in resistivity as they heat up. Semi-conductors generally go the other way. Composite materials and laminations present special challenges for resistivity testing. Humidity certainly has an effect, for surface resi ...
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... The second type, the coilgun, is using coils as electromagnets to accelerate the projectile by sucking it into their core and then letting it continue by its inertia. Using multiple coils, also called multiple stages, can as well lead to achieving basically unlimited speed. Both of them has many adv ...
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... protons and neutrons. Two or more atoms can combine to form molecules - the smallest pieces of more complex types of matter. Electrons and protons have an electrical property called charge. Charges can be positive (+) or negative (-). When a charged particle moves, a magnetic field is created around ...
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... is that they are scattered by the central nucleus of an atom, unlike X-rays which interact only with the surrounding atomic electrons. This means that X-rays do not easily detect very lightweight atoms with low numbers of electrons (such as hydrogen). Neutrons, however, are readily scattered by ligh ...
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Giant magnetoresistance



Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.
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