Dengue
... Dengue hemorrhagic fever is also on the rise. Persons who have been infected with one or more forms of dengue virus are at greater risk for the more severe disease. With the increase in all types of virus, the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever becomes more likely. ...
... Dengue hemorrhagic fever is also on the rise. Persons who have been infected with one or more forms of dengue virus are at greater risk for the more severe disease. With the increase in all types of virus, the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever becomes more likely. ...
Slide 1
... half of the reported cases nationally. Even among highly vaccinated populations, waning immunity leads to a substantial number of susceptible older children and adults. ...
... half of the reported cases nationally. Even among highly vaccinated populations, waning immunity leads to a substantial number of susceptible older children and adults. ...
EID Cover - Antimicrobe.org
... (p = 0.002). High incidence in patients and evidence of clonal circulation suggests that some cases of gastroenteritis are caused or exacerbated by T. whipplei, which may be co-transmitted with other intestinal pathogens. ...
... (p = 0.002). High incidence in patients and evidence of clonal circulation suggests that some cases of gastroenteritis are caused or exacerbated by T. whipplei, which may be co-transmitted with other intestinal pathogens. ...
BVGH - Who We Are - BIO Ventures for Global Health
... malaria to mosquitoes even after receiving treatment, while failure to target the hypnozoite stage can allow parasites to re-emerge from the liver and re-infect the host years after treatment. While these stages of the parasite lifecycle do not cause disease directly, they do pose challenges for mal ...
... malaria to mosquitoes even after receiving treatment, while failure to target the hypnozoite stage can allow parasites to re-emerge from the liver and re-infect the host years after treatment. While these stages of the parasite lifecycle do not cause disease directly, they do pose challenges for mal ...
Quarantines and Distributive Justice
... concerns, moreover, are anything but fantastic. Infectious diseases, particularly in epidemic forms, commonly trigger retributive and discriminatory instincts, so that actual quarantines often impose inhumane, stigmatizing, or even penal treatment upon persons who are confined based on caprice or ev ...
... concerns, moreover, are anything but fantastic. Infectious diseases, particularly in epidemic forms, commonly trigger retributive and discriminatory instincts, so that actual quarantines often impose inhumane, stigmatizing, or even penal treatment upon persons who are confined based on caprice or ev ...
Import risk analysis: Llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna
... The importation of alpacas and llamas is increasing each year, from around 50 animals several years ago to more than 550 during 2008 and 2009. This increase in the number of animals moving internationally is expected to continue, along with an increase in the number of countries from which alpacas a ...
... The importation of alpacas and llamas is increasing each year, from around 50 animals several years ago to more than 550 during 2008 and 2009. This increase in the number of animals moving internationally is expected to continue, along with an increase in the number of countries from which alpacas a ...
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) – Infectious, Contagious
... recognised in cattle in the United Kingdom (UK), and was named bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). There is an ongoing discussion whether BSE should be classified as infectious, contagious, or zoonotic, and if it fits the definition of a production disease. The objective of this work is to brief ...
... recognised in cattle in the United Kingdom (UK), and was named bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). There is an ongoing discussion whether BSE should be classified as infectious, contagious, or zoonotic, and if it fits the definition of a production disease. The objective of this work is to brief ...
Feline calicivirus - American Association of Feline Practitioners
... although this is not the case in all studies.29–33 Factors such as sampling strategy and whether the viruses are from clinically healthy or sick cats may influence the outcome.20,29,34–37 Evidence suggests that use of multivalent FCV vaccines increase the proportion of strains neutralized,19,20,35,3 ...
... although this is not the case in all studies.29–33 Factors such as sampling strategy and whether the viruses are from clinically healthy or sick cats may influence the outcome.20,29,34–37 Evidence suggests that use of multivalent FCV vaccines increase the proportion of strains neutralized,19,20,35,3 ...
Fever of Unknown Origin: Focused Diagnostic Approach Based on Clinical Physical Examination,
... arthralgias, myalgias, or migratory chest or abdominal pain. The predominant symptoms of patients with neoplastic FUOs are fatigue and weight loss with early or dramatic decrease in appetite. Night sweats may also be a feature of neoplastic disorders. Patients presenting with FUOs whose symptoms do ...
... arthralgias, myalgias, or migratory chest or abdominal pain. The predominant symptoms of patients with neoplastic FUOs are fatigue and weight loss with early or dramatic decrease in appetite. Night sweats may also be a feature of neoplastic disorders. Patients presenting with FUOs whose symptoms do ...
Anthrax
... will cause serious disease. Once such a strain is found, it is dangerous to handle and sending the bacteria in letters does not make an effective biological weapon. Spores of anthrax tend to clump together and fall to the ground, so they are not easily breathed in. To be released as a weapon, the cl ...
... will cause serious disease. Once such a strain is found, it is dangerous to handle and sending the bacteria in letters does not make an effective biological weapon. Spores of anthrax tend to clump together and fall to the ground, so they are not easily breathed in. To be released as a weapon, the cl ...
Vaccine Preventable Diseases
... – Persistent infection is most important risk factor for cervical cancer precursor lesions – Infection with one type does not protect from infection with another type ...
... – Persistent infection is most important risk factor for cervical cancer precursor lesions – Infection with one type does not protect from infection with another type ...
190.14 - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing (Diagnosis)
... (EIA) which are used to confirm exposure of an individual’s immune system to specific viral antigens. These assays may be formatted to detect HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1 and 2 simultaneously and to detect both IgM and IgG. When the initial EIA test is repeatedly positive or indeterminate, an alternative ...
... (EIA) which are used to confirm exposure of an individual’s immune system to specific viral antigens. These assays may be formatted to detect HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1 and 2 simultaneously and to detect both IgM and IgG. When the initial EIA test is repeatedly positive or indeterminate, an alternative ...
190.14 - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing (Diagnosis)
... (EIA) which are used to confirm exposure of an individual’s immune system to specific viral antigens. These assays may be formatted to detect HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1 and 2 simultaneously and to detect both IgM and IgG. When the initial EIA test is repeatedly positive or indeterminate, an alternative ...
... (EIA) which are used to confirm exposure of an individual’s immune system to specific viral antigens. These assays may be formatted to detect HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1 and 2 simultaneously and to detect both IgM and IgG. When the initial EIA test is repeatedly positive or indeterminate, an alternative ...
attachment 1
... affect the way a pathogen may behave with embryos, eg, foot and mouth disease virus is more easily washed from bovine embryos than porcine embryos. Although a number of different pathogenic agents have been reported in the semen of bulls, most were found in the seminal fluid or leucocytes rather tha ...
... affect the way a pathogen may behave with embryos, eg, foot and mouth disease virus is more easily washed from bovine embryos than porcine embryos. Although a number of different pathogenic agents have been reported in the semen of bulls, most were found in the seminal fluid or leucocytes rather tha ...
UK SMI Title goes here
... infection. After primary infection, the endogenous virus may replicate de novo causing a reactivation. A new infection with an exogenous CMV can occur, referred to as reinfection3,4. In all settings the infection is usually asymptomatic in the immunocompetent host; however, some primary infections r ...
... infection. After primary infection, the endogenous virus may replicate de novo causing a reactivation. A new infection with an exogenous CMV can occur, referred to as reinfection3,4. In all settings the infection is usually asymptomatic in the immunocompetent host; however, some primary infections r ...
HBV Training Workshop
... • Majority of immigrants have never been vaccinated against HBV • CDC estimates 450,000 immigrants admitted to the USA between 19942003 were infected with hepatitis B ...
... • Majority of immigrants have never been vaccinated against HBV • CDC estimates 450,000 immigrants admitted to the USA between 19942003 were infected with hepatitis B ...
Review of Cases With the Emerging Fifth Human Malaria Parasite
... have been reported from Malaysia, several cases have been reported in other Southeast Asian countries, and a few cases have been reported in travelers visiting these areas. Similarly to P. falciparum, P. knowlesi can cause severe and even fatal cases of disease that are more severe than those caused ...
... have been reported from Malaysia, several cases have been reported in other Southeast Asian countries, and a few cases have been reported in travelers visiting these areas. Similarly to P. falciparum, P. knowlesi can cause severe and even fatal cases of disease that are more severe than those caused ...
Suppl files INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
... a) affect more than one organ system, &/or b) are not described as being localised in one organ system. 3) Organ system Z ("magicosocial") holds conditions that are magicosociological disorders; apparently physical disorders, regardless of their cause, fall under sections A-Y. This is for convenienc ...
... a) affect more than one organ system, &/or b) are not described as being localised in one organ system. 3) Organ system Z ("magicosocial") holds conditions that are magicosociological disorders; apparently physical disorders, regardless of their cause, fall under sections A-Y. This is for convenienc ...
A Low Interleukin-10 Tumor Necrosis Factor
... high-density uncomplicated malaria, malaria anemia, hospital controls, asymptomatic, and aparasitemic. Group characteristics are summarized in table 1. Aparasitemic and asymptomatic children were recruited from the same rural areas in which the hospitalized children lived; they were recruited by cro ...
... high-density uncomplicated malaria, malaria anemia, hospital controls, asymptomatic, and aparasitemic. Group characteristics are summarized in table 1. Aparasitemic and asymptomatic children were recruited from the same rural areas in which the hospitalized children lived; they were recruited by cro ...
Chapter 37 - INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS AND OSTEOMYELITIS
... the synovial space. Although direct bacterial infection of the joint constitutes the most widely recognized form of septic arthritis, direct infection with viruses, spirochetes, or fungi also occurs. Reactive arthritis is a response to an infectious agent that is or has been present in some other pa ...
... the synovial space. Although direct bacterial infection of the joint constitutes the most widely recognized form of septic arthritis, direct infection with viruses, spirochetes, or fungi also occurs. Reactive arthritis is a response to an infectious agent that is or has been present in some other pa ...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (StrepThroat) Disease Fact Sheet
... NOT symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis, but indicate viral upper respiratory infections. It is important to realize that most sore throats are not due to streptococcal infections. When a red rash and fever accompany strep throat, it is called scarlet fever. If left untreated, streptococcal pharyn ...
... NOT symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis, but indicate viral upper respiratory infections. It is important to realize that most sore throats are not due to streptococcal infections. When a red rash and fever accompany strep throat, it is called scarlet fever. If left untreated, streptococcal pharyn ...
Optimal Disease Eradication
... Smallpox eradication was thus an astonishingly good deal for the world. It was also a good deal for individual countries. The United States, for example, saved about $150 million annually because of smallpox eradication (Fenner et al., 1988), mainly in the form of avoided vaccination costs. Again, u ...
... Smallpox eradication was thus an astonishingly good deal for the world. It was also a good deal for individual countries. The United States, for example, saved about $150 million annually because of smallpox eradication (Fenner et al., 1988), mainly in the form of avoided vaccination costs. Again, u ...
recommended wording for national laboratories to report
... Funding for this project was provided as an unconditional grant for educational purposes from Gilead Sciences through the ASHM Partnership Program. The content in this material was developed by an independent working group appointed and coordinated by ASHM. Gilead Sciences had no control over conten ...
... Funding for this project was provided as an unconditional grant for educational purposes from Gilead Sciences through the ASHM Partnership Program. The content in this material was developed by an independent working group appointed and coordinated by ASHM. Gilead Sciences had no control over conten ...
the global epidemiology of infectious diseases
... 10.11 Age and sex distribution of the people with blindness or low vision attributable due to trachoma throughout the world, 1990 ............................................................... 316 Chapter 11 11.1 Prevalence studies of human T. cruzi infection in Latin America ...................... ...
... 10.11 Age and sex distribution of the people with blindness or low vision attributable due to trachoma throughout the world, 1990 ............................................................... 316 Chapter 11 11.1 Prevalence studies of human T. cruzi infection in Latin America ...................... ...
Chagas disease
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as triatominae or kissing bugs. The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. After 8–12 weeks, individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60–70% it never produces further symptoms. The other 30 to 40% of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, including enlargement of the ventricles of the heart in 20 to 30%, leading to heart failure. An enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon may also occur in 10% of people.T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood-sucking ""kissing bugs"" of the subfamily Triatominae. These insects are known by a number of local names, including: vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, barbeiro (the barber) in Brazil, pito in Colombia, chinche in Central America, and chipo in Venezuela. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, eating food contaminated with the parasites, and by vertical transmission (from a mother to her fetus). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood.Prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites. Other preventative efforts include screening blood used for transfusions. A vaccine has not been developed as of 2013. Early infections are treatable with the medication benznidazole or nifurtimox. Medication nearly always results in a cure if given early, but becomes less effective the longer a person has had Chagas disease. When used in chronic disease, medication may delay or prevent the development of end–stage symptoms. Benznidazole and nifurtimox cause temporary side effects in up to 40% of people including skin disorders, brain toxicity, and digestive system irritation.It is estimated that 7 to 8 million people, mostly in Mexico, Central America and South America, have Chagas disease as of 2013. In 2006, Chagas was estimated to result in 12,500 deaths per year. Most people with the disease are poor, and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected. Large-scale population movements have increased the areas where Chagas disease is found and these include many European countries and the United States. These areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014. The disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas after whom it is named. It affects more than 150 other animals.