The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus
... Results are further discussed in relation to possible reasons for autotrophy. INTRODUCTION ...
... Results are further discussed in relation to possible reasons for autotrophy. INTRODUCTION ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... involved in the Krebs cycle, are inhibited by ATP and low concentrations of calcium respectively and activated by ADP. Although these inhibitory and activating effects are removed when concentrations of isocitrate are high [1,61]. This evidence implies that as long as the Krebs cycle can continue th ...
... involved in the Krebs cycle, are inhibited by ATP and low concentrations of calcium respectively and activated by ADP. Although these inhibitory and activating effects are removed when concentrations of isocitrate are high [1,61]. This evidence implies that as long as the Krebs cycle can continue th ...
Lipids- Structure and Metabolism
... All the PGs have an –OH group at C12 and trans double bond at C13. ...
... All the PGs have an –OH group at C12 and trans double bond at C13. ...
Fermentation of lignocellulosic material
... Progressive depletion of oil and conventional fossil fuels, an increased energy demand and an increased struggle for national energy security has led to the development of alternative biobased fuels, bioethanol being one of them. Bioethanol can be made from many different raw materials, and based on ...
... Progressive depletion of oil and conventional fossil fuels, an increased energy demand and an increased struggle for national energy security has led to the development of alternative biobased fuels, bioethanol being one of them. Bioethanol can be made from many different raw materials, and based on ...
Time course of differential mitochondrial energy metabolism
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
hemoglobin - MBBS Students Club
... 3. Initial and the last three steps occur in the mitochondria 4. Intermediate steps in the cytosol. 5. RBC’s have no mitochondria, unable to synthesize heme. ...
... 3. Initial and the last three steps occur in the mitochondria 4. Intermediate steps in the cytosol. 5. RBC’s have no mitochondria, unable to synthesize heme. ...
Regulation of post-mortem glycolysis in ruminant muscle
... anaerobic metabolism is initiated, at some point, in order to supply ATP for the continuation of cellular function. The high-energy-carrying ATP molecule forms the basis for the phosphagen system (Sahlin 1985; Kent-Braun et al. 1993). As for most biological reactions, hydrolysis of ATP (ATP + H2O $ ...
... anaerobic metabolism is initiated, at some point, in order to supply ATP for the continuation of cellular function. The high-energy-carrying ATP molecule forms the basis for the phosphagen system (Sahlin 1985; Kent-Braun et al. 1993). As for most biological reactions, hydrolysis of ATP (ATP + H2O $ ...
6_Enzymes - WordPress.com
... These are of greater importance in plant systems. Enzymes requiring inorganic elements as cofactors are shown in table 5.2 5.4. Mechanism of enzyme action A chemical reaction such as A P takes place because a certain fraction of the substrate possesses enough energy to ...
... These are of greater importance in plant systems. Enzymes requiring inorganic elements as cofactors are shown in table 5.2 5.4. Mechanism of enzyme action A chemical reaction such as A P takes place because a certain fraction of the substrate possesses enough energy to ...
Mechanical and metabolic functions in pig hearts after 4
... enzymatically (20) and calculated as previously described (17). Lactate concentration was also determined from frozen tissue extracted in 6% perchloric acid (20). Adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate. Frozen tissue from both perfusion beds were extracted with 6% perchloric acid, neutralized an ...
... enzymatically (20) and calculated as previously described (17). Lactate concentration was also determined from frozen tissue extracted in 6% perchloric acid (20). Adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate. Frozen tissue from both perfusion beds were extracted with 6% perchloric acid, neutralized an ...
The Stimulatory Effect of Globular Adiponectin on Insulin
... After an overnight fast (12–18 h), general anesthesia was induced with a short-acting barbiturate and maintained by a fentanyl and rocuronium volatile anesthetic mixture. Venous blood samples were then collected in 5-ml heparinized tubes during anesthesia. Muscle strip preparation was as previously ...
... After an overnight fast (12–18 h), general anesthesia was induced with a short-acting barbiturate and maintained by a fentanyl and rocuronium volatile anesthetic mixture. Venous blood samples were then collected in 5-ml heparinized tubes during anesthesia. Muscle strip preparation was as previously ...
ppt
... • The common nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). • These names reflect the fact that DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose. • DNA exists as a pair of polymer chains in which the backbone of each chain consists of ...
... • The common nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). • These names reflect the fact that DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose. • DNA exists as a pair of polymer chains in which the backbone of each chain consists of ...
Enzyme Web Quest KEY
... Inhibitors slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme. They usually bond to the protein and change the shape of the enzyme, causing it to become ineffective. 13. How could you determine the correct temperature range, salt concentration, and pH for a specific enzyme? You could design an experiment t ...
... Inhibitors slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme. They usually bond to the protein and change the shape of the enzyme, causing it to become ineffective. 13. How could you determine the correct temperature range, salt concentration, and pH for a specific enzyme? You could design an experiment t ...
enzymes
... • Above this temperature the enzyme structure begins to break down (denature) since at higher temperatures intra- and intermolecular bonds are broken as the enzyme molecules gain even more kinetic energy. ...
... • Above this temperature the enzyme structure begins to break down (denature) since at higher temperatures intra- and intermolecular bonds are broken as the enzyme molecules gain even more kinetic energy. ...
Liver - KSU Faculty Member websites
... Total bile production averages about three liters per day although only one liter is extracted The bile acids cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic cholesterol The bile acids are conjugated with the amine acids glycine or taurine forming bile salts (conjugated bile acids) are excreted into the bile canal ...
... Total bile production averages about three liters per day although only one liter is extracted The bile acids cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic cholesterol The bile acids are conjugated with the amine acids glycine or taurine forming bile salts (conjugated bile acids) are excreted into the bile canal ...
Nutrition and Metabolism
... • Cell can gain 144 ATP molecules from breakdown of one 18-carbon fatty acid molecule • Fatty acid breakdown yields about 1.5 times the ...
... • Cell can gain 144 ATP molecules from breakdown of one 18-carbon fatty acid molecule • Fatty acid breakdown yields about 1.5 times the ...
Fermentative hydrogen production from glucose and starch using
... [20,21,27]. Therefore during the first sequence with glucose the optimal pH for H2 production was determined for the pure strains and for the co-cultures. Previously the optimal pH for H2 production was determined by comparing the H2 yields obtained in different batch fermentations (multi-stage ferm ...
... [20,21,27]. Therefore during the first sequence with glucose the optimal pH for H2 production was determined for the pure strains and for the co-cultures. Previously the optimal pH for H2 production was determined by comparing the H2 yields obtained in different batch fermentations (multi-stage ferm ...
H 2 O 2
... Defects in excretion of uric acid and/or partial deficiency in HGPRT activity due to mutation in HGPRT gene Uric acid precipitation in joints – crystals activate leukocytes H2O2 and O2*- arthritis. Adults (0.55%) in males Often suffered by over-achieving males with too much drive and ambition (e ...
... Defects in excretion of uric acid and/or partial deficiency in HGPRT activity due to mutation in HGPRT gene Uric acid precipitation in joints – crystals activate leukocytes H2O2 and O2*- arthritis. Adults (0.55%) in males Often suffered by over-achieving males with too much drive and ambition (e ...
Inhibitors are structural analogs of true substrate
... Enzymes of tricarboxylic acids cycle oxidize acetylCoA and produce 3 molecules of reduced NAD and one molecule of reduced FAD. Where are localized these enzymes? ...
... Enzymes of tricarboxylic acids cycle oxidize acetylCoA and produce 3 molecules of reduced NAD and one molecule of reduced FAD. Where are localized these enzymes? ...
Cellular and molecular regulation of cardiac glucose transport
... The intracellular concentration of glucose is normally very low.19 The inward transmembrane concentration gradient is the driving force for glucose entry into the cell. The facilitative glucose transporters present in the heart (GLUT4 and GLUT1) simply mediate the movement of glucose down its concen ...
... The intracellular concentration of glucose is normally very low.19 The inward transmembrane concentration gradient is the driving force for glucose entry into the cell. The facilitative glucose transporters present in the heart (GLUT4 and GLUT1) simply mediate the movement of glucose down its concen ...
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11e (Madigan/Martinko)
... 58) In synthesizing one molecule of glucose from carbon dioxide, __________ molecules of NADPH and __________ molecules of ATP are required. Answer: 12 / 18 59) The main means by which gaseous nitrogen is formed biologically is __________. Answer: denitrification 60) The two methanogenic enzymes re ...
... 58) In synthesizing one molecule of glucose from carbon dioxide, __________ molecules of NADPH and __________ molecules of ATP are required. Answer: 12 / 18 59) The main means by which gaseous nitrogen is formed biologically is __________. Answer: denitrification 60) The two methanogenic enzymes re ...
Cholesterol
... LYSOLECITHIN + CHOLESTEROL ESTER • LCAT is activated by apo-A1 and deficiency in LCAT means that HDL can’t take ...
... LYSOLECITHIN + CHOLESTEROL ESTER • LCAT is activated by apo-A1 and deficiency in LCAT means that HDL can’t take ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑