Cell Standards
... Living organisms appear in many variations, yet there are basic similarities among their forms and functions. For example, all organisms require an outside source of energy to sustain life processes; all organisms demonstrate patterns of growth and, in many cases, senescence, the process of becoming ...
... Living organisms appear in many variations, yet there are basic similarities among their forms and functions. For example, all organisms require an outside source of energy to sustain life processes; all organisms demonstrate patterns of growth and, in many cases, senescence, the process of becoming ...
Transcription in prokaryotes Elongation and termination
... beyond the point at which the last base is added to the RNA. The responsibility for termination is with the sequences already transcribed by RNA polymerase. It relies on scrutiny of the template or product that polymerase is currently producing. ...
... beyond the point at which the last base is added to the RNA. The responsibility for termination is with the sequences already transcribed by RNA polymerase. It relies on scrutiny of the template or product that polymerase is currently producing. ...
Lecture 5
... • Phylogenetics on sequence data is an attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of those sequences • Relationships between individual sequences are not necessarily the same as those between the organisms they are found in • The ultimate goal is to be able to use sequence data from many sequen ...
... • Phylogenetics on sequence data is an attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of those sequences • Relationships between individual sequences are not necessarily the same as those between the organisms they are found in • The ultimate goal is to be able to use sequence data from many sequen ...
Some Biology that Computer Scientists Need for
... Proteins and Amino Acids • Protein is a large molecule that is a chain of amino acids (100 to 5000). • There are 20 common amino acids (Alanine, Cysteine, …, Tyrosine) • Three bases --- a codon --- suffice to encode an amino acid. • There are also START and STOP codons. December 14, 2001 ...
... Proteins and Amino Acids • Protein is a large molecule that is a chain of amino acids (100 to 5000). • There are 20 common amino acids (Alanine, Cysteine, …, Tyrosine) • Three bases --- a codon --- suffice to encode an amino acid. • There are also START and STOP codons. December 14, 2001 ...
Document
... • The polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome and becomes an active protein. Sometimes several ribosomes (polysome) translate the same strand of mRNA at the same time to produce several peptide chains. ...
... • The polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome and becomes an active protein. Sometimes several ribosomes (polysome) translate the same strand of mRNA at the same time to produce several peptide chains. ...
Genom
... If the genetic or epi-genetic information is changed, it can lead to cancer transformation (mutation in somatic cell) or to transmiting of genetic disease ( mutation in germ cell) ...
... If the genetic or epi-genetic information is changed, it can lead to cancer transformation (mutation in somatic cell) or to transmiting of genetic disease ( mutation in germ cell) ...
RNA: Early Life Forms?
... The Origin of Life Take home message: Science has not provided a step by step recipe for making life. Science has provided data to support some of the possible or necessary steps. ...
... The Origin of Life Take home message: Science has not provided a step by step recipe for making life. Science has provided data to support some of the possible or necessary steps. ...
An overview of E. coli expression systems
... E.g. CGT, CGC, CGG, AGG, AGA, CGA code for arginine, but the last 3 (AGG, AGA, CGA) are rarely used in E. coli and it has low amounts of respective tRNAs. ...
... E.g. CGT, CGC, CGG, AGG, AGA, CGA code for arginine, but the last 3 (AGG, AGA, CGA) are rarely used in E. coli and it has low amounts of respective tRNAs. ...
DNA properties.
... more likely to form one type of SS than another. • Local interactions determine SS. SS of a residues is determined by their neighbors (usually a sequence window of 13-17 residues is used). Exceptions: short identical amino acid sequences can sometimes be found in different SS. Accuracy: 65% - 75%, t ...
... more likely to form one type of SS than another. • Local interactions determine SS. SS of a residues is determined by their neighbors (usually a sequence window of 13-17 residues is used). Exceptions: short identical amino acid sequences can sometimes be found in different SS. Accuracy: 65% - 75%, t ...
2-BuildingBlocks
... 3. Ionic, hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds are critical for interactions of proteins and other molecules. These non-covalent bonds involve the AA side chains. Selecting from those listed in the box, which type(s) of amino acids would: A. form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA. _________ B. fo ...
... 3. Ionic, hydrogen and Van der Waals bonds are critical for interactions of proteins and other molecules. These non-covalent bonds involve the AA side chains. Selecting from those listed in the box, which type(s) of amino acids would: A. form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA. _________ B. fo ...
video slide
... • 1. What might happen if an organism had its cells expressing all genes within the genome all the time? • 2. At what levels can control of cellular activities/pathways be controlled? • 3. Based on our discussions up to this point, what do you think the term “negative feedback” means? • 4. What step ...
... • 1. What might happen if an organism had its cells expressing all genes within the genome all the time? • 2. At what levels can control of cellular activities/pathways be controlled? • 3. Based on our discussions up to this point, what do you think the term “negative feedback” means? • 4. What step ...
File
... Translation is the process where amino acids are combined to form proteins (polypeptides). Three components work together to make polypeptides by translation: a. mRNA that contains the codons (3 bases) that specifies the amino acid sequence. b. tRNA that have an anticodon of three bases that bind to ...
... Translation is the process where amino acids are combined to form proteins (polypeptides). Three components work together to make polypeptides by translation: a. mRNA that contains the codons (3 bases) that specifies the amino acid sequence. b. tRNA that have an anticodon of three bases that bind to ...
Using Gene Expression Noise to Understand Gene Regulation
... quantifying these deviations reveal the mechanism of regulation? A key parameter to quantify the deviation from Poisson statistics is the Fano factor, which is the ratio between the variance, s2, and the mean, m, of the mRNA copy-number distribution, s2 =m (8). For a Poisson distribution, the Fano f ...
... quantifying these deviations reveal the mechanism of regulation? A key parameter to quantify the deviation from Poisson statistics is the Fano factor, which is the ratio between the variance, s2, and the mean, m, of the mRNA copy-number distribution, s2 =m (8). For a Poisson distribution, the Fano f ...
From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression
... the β-globin gene with previously isolated βglobin mRNA as the probe. Viewing the hybridized molecules by electron microscopy, they saw that the introns formed loops—stretches of DNA that did not have complementary base sequences on the ...
... the β-globin gene with previously isolated βglobin mRNA as the probe. Viewing the hybridized molecules by electron microscopy, they saw that the introns formed loops—stretches of DNA that did not have complementary base sequences on the ...
Fen-1 Nuclease in Genome Stability
... One type of genomic instability results from the expansion of variable nucleotide repeat sequences, an excess of which cause of genetic diseases like Huntington’s disease, myotonic dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. The expansion of trinucleotide repeats in certain regions of the human genome are mo ...
... One type of genomic instability results from the expansion of variable nucleotide repeat sequences, an excess of which cause of genetic diseases like Huntington’s disease, myotonic dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. The expansion of trinucleotide repeats in certain regions of the human genome are mo ...
Translation
... Central Dogma Analogy DNA = master copy of building plans mRNA= blueprint for one room of building Protein= actual bricks that make up the building Nucleus = boss’ office Ribosome = job site (where the building is actually built) ...
... Central Dogma Analogy DNA = master copy of building plans mRNA= blueprint for one room of building Protein= actual bricks that make up the building Nucleus = boss’ office Ribosome = job site (where the building is actually built) ...
Proteins
... – weak non-covalent interactions - hydrophobic interior & hydrophilic exterior - via H-bonds ...
... – weak non-covalent interactions - hydrophobic interior & hydrophilic exterior - via H-bonds ...
ppt - Scientific Data Analysis Lab
... What is protein disorder? Disordered regions (DRs) are entire proteins or regions of proteins which lack a fixed tertiary structure, essentially being partially or fully unfolded. Such disordered regions have been shown to be involved in a variety of functions, including DNA recognition, modulation ...
... What is protein disorder? Disordered regions (DRs) are entire proteins or regions of proteins which lack a fixed tertiary structure, essentially being partially or fully unfolded. Such disordered regions have been shown to be involved in a variety of functions, including DNA recognition, modulation ...
Transcription Student Handout
... structures. As a result, transcription occurs inside these organelles in eukaryotic cells. A eukaryote is an organism composed of cells which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is a differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloropl ...
... structures. As a result, transcription occurs inside these organelles in eukaryotic cells. A eukaryote is an organism composed of cells which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is a differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloropl ...
pGLO lab - Fog.ccsf.edu
... nitrogen-containing base • Sugar can be deoxygenated • Bases contain the genetic information ...
... nitrogen-containing base • Sugar can be deoxygenated • Bases contain the genetic information ...
Protein Synthesis
... Traits, such as coat color, are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions specified in an organism’s DNA. Remember that proteins have many functions, including acting as enzymes and forming cell membrane channels. How are the instructions in DNA actually implemented? Proteins a ...
... Traits, such as coat color, are determined by proteins that are built according to instructions specified in an organism’s DNA. Remember that proteins have many functions, including acting as enzymes and forming cell membrane channels. How are the instructions in DNA actually implemented? Proteins a ...
bioinformatics
... Homology:two genes sharing a common evolut.history. Finding evolut.relationships between diff.forms of life. Closely related orgnisms have similar seq. Protein Family:proteins that show a significant seq. Protein Folds:distinct protein building block. Reconstruct the evolut. Rlationship between two ...
... Homology:two genes sharing a common evolut.history. Finding evolut.relationships between diff.forms of life. Closely related orgnisms have similar seq. Protein Family:proteins that show a significant seq. Protein Folds:distinct protein building block. Reconstruct the evolut. Rlationship between two ...
Cracking the PPR code: predicting and manipulating protein/RNA
... Kyle Gribbin University of Oregon Mentor: Margarita Rojas PI: Alice Barkan ...
... Kyle Gribbin University of Oregon Mentor: Margarita Rojas PI: Alice Barkan ...
video slide - Wild about Bio
... transcription is immediately translated without more processing In a eukaryotic cell, the nuclear envelope separates transcription ...
... transcription is immediately translated without more processing In a eukaryotic cell, the nuclear envelope separates transcription ...
Structure/function relationship in DNA
... TF Sp1 binds GC boxes via ZnFs; a glu-rich activation domain thought to recruit TFIID with help from CRSP ...
... TF Sp1 binds GC boxes via ZnFs; a glu-rich activation domain thought to recruit TFIID with help from CRSP ...
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism.In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. The genetic code stored in DNA is ""interpreted"" by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. Such phenotypes are often expressed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's shape, or that act as enzymes catalysing specific metabolic pathways characterising the organism.