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EvolutionUnit reader_From EOCT study guide
EvolutionUnit reader_From EOCT study guide

... species may independently evolve superficial similarities, because of their adaptations to the same environment. These connections are valid in their own way but they still have their limitations as to tying together the relationships that organisms have with one another. It wasn’t until molecular b ...
Adaptive Landscape - University of Arizona | Ecology and
Adaptive Landscape - University of Arizona | Ecology and

... - recombination * *some argue that recombination is a force, others believe it only ‘reshuffles’genetic variation ...
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...  Competition – individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources (territory, mates, food, water, etc.) in the same environment. 2. Variation and adaptation – some variations are better suited.  Adaptation – heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and ...
Assignment 10 Evolution
Assignment 10 Evolution

... Microevolutionary (basically looking at how populations change over time) scientists attempt to explain population changes due to natural selection of individuals within a set population and then to use this data to explain the bio-geological record. These people tend to look at current events or ev ...
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Evolution Review

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Evolution Unit Test Review

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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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