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Obtaining snapshots of genetic variation using hemiclonal analysis
Obtaining snapshots of genetic variation using hemiclonal analysis

... consistent with the fact that it is generally difficult to detect additive genetic variation for fitness in ...
Evolution -- History of Life
Evolution -- History of Life

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... This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my ima ...
The altered evolutionary trajectories of gene duplicates
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... simply by assuming the null situation in which substitutions accumulate independently in both members of a pair in an identical poisson fashion. If each copy is expected to have incurred just ten mutations since the duplication event, an absolute difference of at least nine mutations between the two ...
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Lecture Slides - Boston University
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Evolution and Medicine - Create and Use Your home.uchicago.edu
Evolution and Medicine - Create and Use Your home.uchicago.edu

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... then the alleles present in that individual will be more prevalent in the next generation of the population. 4. A population undergoes selection when certain alleles are preferentially found in a new generation because of the increased fitness of the parent. 5. The alleles in the individual with inc ...
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The Evolution of Living Things
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Recombination and the Divergence of Hybridizing
Recombination and the Divergence of Hybridizing

... species than rearranged regions because of incomplete linkage to alleles conferring adaptation, mating discrimination, or hybrid dysfunction. Rearranged regions may sometimes be completely linked to such alleles, and introgression will be more limited. These expectations have been demonstrated in em ...
Evolution Definitions
Evolution Definitions

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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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