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Acid/Bases Review
Acid/Bases Review

... Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds (covalent bonds) • Polypeptide- more than 2 amino acids bonded together ...
Printing – LAB Organic Molecule – Lipid
Printing – LAB Organic Molecule – Lipid

... 2. A wide variety of proteins are located in and around membranes. These proteins can associate with membranes in a variety of ways. 3. Integral proteins extend through one or both layers of the phospholipid bilayer. 4. Some proteins are attached to lipid molecules which anchor them to the membrane. ...
8/27 Organic Chemistry
8/27 Organic Chemistry

... • amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (CO2H) side group (R) • amino, carboxyl groups ionize which buffers various body fluids ...
Sample questions from old exam II BCHS 3304 – Dr. Yeo  1.
Sample questions from old exam II BCHS 3304 – Dr. Yeo 1.

... BCHS 3304 – Dr. Yeo 11. Which one of these characteristics is not true for the -helix? A. There are 3.6 amino acids per turn. B. There is a requirement for glycine every third amino acid residue. C. A hydrogen bond forms between the carbonyl oxygen of the nth amino acid residue and the —NH group of ...
ProSynth.Notes Booklet
ProSynth.Notes Booklet

... Anticodon:  A  three-­‐sequence  of     tRNA  that    that  is  complementary   to  an  mRNA  codon  that  transfers   amino  acids  together  into   polypeptide  chains   ...
Self-Organizing Bio-structures
Self-Organizing Bio-structures

... How do we move along from prebiotic small molecules to oligomers and polymers (DNA & proteins)? ...
Homework Chapter 2.6 Pages 52-55 Completion Complete each
Homework Chapter 2.6 Pages 52-55 Completion Complete each

... ____ 11. Which of the following statements about ATP is false: a. it drives the transport of certain solutes (e.g., amino acids) across cell membranes b. it activates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that cells can shorten and perform mechanical work c. it provides the energy needed to drive ...
Will`s Pre-Test
Will`s Pre-Test

... (13) A dipeptide bond is formed between: a) 2 peptides b) 2 amino acids c) three polypeptides d) carboxyl groups e) 2 glucose molecules (14) An α-helix is part of a proteins __________ a) primary structure b) secondary structure c) tertiary structure d) quaternary structure e) Β-Pleated Sheet (15) ...
Document
Document

... 1. Simple proteins yield only amino acids on hydrolysis. 2. Conjugated proteins, which are much more common than simple proteins, yield other compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, or nucleic acids in addition to amino acids on hydrolysis. 3. Fibrous proteins consist of polypeptide chains arranged s ...
Proteins - chem.uwec.edu
Proteins - chem.uwec.edu

... Shape a. Fibrous proteins b. Globular proteins Structure a. Simple b. Conjugated i. Prosthetic groups ...
Amino Acid Catabolism
Amino Acid Catabolism

... • Amino acids from degraded proteins or from diet can be used for the biosynthesis of new proteins • During starvation proteins are degraded to amino acids to support glucose formation • First step is often removal of the α-amino group • Carbon chains are altered for entry into central pathways of c ...
Aromatic Amino Acids
Aromatic Amino Acids

... Aliphatic R groups are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Hydrophobicity increases with increasing number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Although these amino acids prefer to remain inside protein molecules, alanine and glycine are ambivalent, meaning that they can be inside or outside the protein molec ...
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Document

... Structural biology of proteins from pathogenic organisms & hyperthermostable proteins ...
عرض تقديمي من PowerPoint
عرض تقديمي من PowerPoint

... o with mol.wt from 5000 to1000,000 daltons. o N is most distinguished element: among the composing elements of C,H, N, O, S. ...
Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes

... 2) is converted into transport disaccharides and carried to other parts of the organism; 3) some is converted into storage forms, such as fats, and reserved for future use. ...
8.4-BIO-CHEM-MAKEUP-macromolecules.graphic.organizer
8.4-BIO-CHEM-MAKEUP-macromolecules.graphic.organizer

... “proteins,” and “lipids.” 2. Staple that piece of paper over a piece of notebook paper. 3. Write the questions on the top piece of paper. 4. Fill in the answers on the notebook paper underneath. You can either use your notes or the table below. 5. Use this as a tool to study for your 12 question tes ...
Chapter 39 – Plant Responses to Stimuli Signal Transduction
Chapter 39 – Plant Responses to Stimuli Signal Transduction

...  Chemical signal that coordinates different parts of an organism o Growth, development, & responses to stimuli Reception  Internal & external signals are detected by receptors  Proteins that change in response to specific stimuli o Can be in membrane or cytoplasm Transduction  Second messengers ...
6.3 Reading guide macromolecule
6.3 Reading guide macromolecule

... Draw the number of bars needed to show a double bond between the following two carbon atoms. C C Draw the number of bars needed to show a single bond between the following two carbon atoms. C C Draw the number of bars needed to show a triple bond between the following two carbon atoms. C C What thre ...
Name: TF Name:
Name: TF Name:

... Coomassie blue primarily interacts with positively-charged amino acids. Given the pKa values of Coomassie Blue’s (-SO3H) groups, what is the optimal pH to apply the Coomassie dye to our gels in order for it to interact with the positively-charged side chains of histidine, lysine, and arginine? ...
Nutrition Test
Nutrition Test

... A substance that effects the speed of chemical changes, an organic catalyst, usually a protein An organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, used for liver transplants A thread-like structure running longitudinally through ;a muscle fiber consisting mainly of thick myofilaments and ...
Lesson One: The Four Basic Food Molecules
Lesson One: The Four Basic Food Molecules

... shapes. Two important shapes are the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet. Proteins are often denatured by heat or acid. Proteins can coagulate. Enzymes are a specific type of proteins. Fats and Oils The major constituent of natural fats and oils is the triglyceride, a combination of three fatty a ...
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... Amino acid ...
Protein Structure
Protein Structure

... Inputs. The most common way to code neural network input is to have one node for each type of amino acid (and often an additional one for a gap), multiplied by a node for each position in the sliding window. – Thus, for a 13 residue window, the net would have 21 x 13 = 273 input nodes. – Also, a few ...
Supporting Information Legends Figure S1. Yeast two
Supporting Information Legends Figure S1. Yeast two

... Protein levels of the truncated forms (each denoted by residue numbers of the first and last amino acids of S2-SLF1 it contains), the deleted form (denoted by a ∆ sign followed by the residue numbers of the first and last amino acids of the region deleted), and the lysine-to-arginine mutated forms ( ...
Molecules of Life
Molecules of Life

... The food you eat, the silk a spider uses to make a web, the muscles in your body – all of these structures are made of macromolecules. Macromolecule is the term that biologists use for large molecules. There are four types of macromolecules that are important in biology: carbohydrates, lipids, prote ...
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Protein



Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
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