Allosteric pathways in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase
... proteins. Allosteric enzymes contain at least two distant binding sites, including the active site responsible for catalytic activity, which binds the substrate, and the allosteric site, which binds the effector and initiates the allosteric signal propagation to the active site. In V-type systems, s ...
... proteins. Allosteric enzymes contain at least two distant binding sites, including the active site responsible for catalytic activity, which binds the substrate, and the allosteric site, which binds the effector and initiates the allosteric signal propagation to the active site. In V-type systems, s ...
The glycocalyx of the sperm surface
... at these organisms to identify which sperm components and mechanisms may be involved in some of these very special functions (McConville and Ferguson, 1993). It has been estimated that the outer membrane of ejaculated human spermatozoa includes at least 300 different proteins, as detectable by vecto ...
... at these organisms to identify which sperm components and mechanisms may be involved in some of these very special functions (McConville and Ferguson, 1993). It has been estimated that the outer membrane of ejaculated human spermatozoa includes at least 300 different proteins, as detectable by vecto ...
Identification of the Factors Responsible for the Interaction of
... Prediction of 3-dimensional protein structures of by ITASSER (Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement program): It predicts the 3 dimensional structure of protein based on Confidence score and TM-Score. We have modeled middle domain of Hsp90 through I-TASSER software (Online 3-D Protein Structure P ...
... Prediction of 3-dimensional protein structures of by ITASSER (Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement program): It predicts the 3 dimensional structure of protein based on Confidence score and TM-Score. We have modeled middle domain of Hsp90 through I-TASSER software (Online 3-D Protein Structure P ...
Role of the leader sequence in tobacco pectin methylesterase
... belongs to PME clade Plant 1 [4]. Unprocessed proPME protein contained the 255-aa long N-terminal leader (PS) preceding the 319-aa mature PME portion (Fig. 1A, underlined sequence). The PME from Daucus carota (P83218) might be considered as the type member of this clade, since its 3D structure was r ...
... belongs to PME clade Plant 1 [4]. Unprocessed proPME protein contained the 255-aa long N-terminal leader (PS) preceding the 319-aa mature PME portion (Fig. 1A, underlined sequence). The PME from Daucus carota (P83218) might be considered as the type member of this clade, since its 3D structure was r ...
Dynamic balance between vesicle transport and
... retrograde transport, though with a lower affinity (Table 2). In contrast to the original Henrich and Rappaport model we do not allow back fusion of newly budded vesicles to the TGN or GC, but assume that they immediately move towards the GC or CB. Regulatory mechanisms that prevent the back fusion ...
... retrograde transport, though with a lower affinity (Table 2). In contrast to the original Henrich and Rappaport model we do not allow back fusion of newly budded vesicles to the TGN or GC, but assume that they immediately move towards the GC or CB. Regulatory mechanisms that prevent the back fusion ...
5 The structure and function of membrane proteins
... evolved rapidly to become specialist disciplines in their own right. Almost any protein whose primary sequence is known can be produced in large quantity via the expression of cloned or synthetic genes in recombinant host cells. Not only is the method allowing scientists to study some proteins for t ...
... evolved rapidly to become specialist disciplines in their own right. Almost any protein whose primary sequence is known can be produced in large quantity via the expression of cloned or synthetic genes in recombinant host cells. Not only is the method allowing scientists to study some proteins for t ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: N
... This permits synthesis of non-essential amino acids, using amino groups from other amino acids & carbon skeletons synthesized in a cell. Thus a balance of different amino acids is maintained, as proteins of varied amino acid contents are synthesized. Although the amino N of one amino acid can be use ...
... This permits synthesis of non-essential amino acids, using amino groups from other amino acids & carbon skeletons synthesized in a cell. Thus a balance of different amino acids is maintained, as proteins of varied amino acid contents are synthesized. Although the amino N of one amino acid can be use ...
Formation of Monoterpenes in Antirrhinum majus
... Some plant species contain multiple GGPPS and GGPPS-related enzymes (Okada et al., 2000; Burke and Croteau, 2002b). However, the A. majus floral EST database did not contain sequences with close similarity to M. piperita GPPS.LSU or to any other GGPPS proteins. To isolate cDNAs encoding a potential ...
... Some plant species contain multiple GGPPS and GGPPS-related enzymes (Okada et al., 2000; Burke and Croteau, 2002b). However, the A. majus floral EST database did not contain sequences with close similarity to M. piperita GPPS.LSU or to any other GGPPS proteins. To isolate cDNAs encoding a potential ...
Advantages of compound-specific stable isotope
... accuracy of the commonly used bulk method to measure and calculate amino acid uptake. This method uses bulk measurements of 13C and 15N enrichment in plant tissues after application of duallabelled amino acids but some authors have recommended the use of compound-specific stable isotope (CSI) analys ...
... accuracy of the commonly used bulk method to measure and calculate amino acid uptake. This method uses bulk measurements of 13C and 15N enrichment in plant tissues after application of duallabelled amino acids but some authors have recommended the use of compound-specific stable isotope (CSI) analys ...
a curated database for protein phosphorylation sites in prokaryotes
... Received 22 September 2014; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 ...
... Received 22 September 2014; Revised 10 March 2015; Accepted 13 March 2015 ...
Exploration of binding site pattern in arachidonic
... be safe and efficacious for standard treatments of osteoarthritis [18]. Development of specific inhibitors or dual inhibitors of enzymes involved in AA metabolism is of great challenge. Binding of the same substrate to LOX and COX enzymes implies that there is a common microenvironment within the ca ...
... be safe and efficacious for standard treatments of osteoarthritis [18]. Development of specific inhibitors or dual inhibitors of enzymes involved in AA metabolism is of great challenge. Binding of the same substrate to LOX and COX enzymes implies that there is a common microenvironment within the ca ...
Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis and Function in Gram
... has significantly diverged from the LtaS enzyme. In Bacillus spp., which contain four LTA synthase enzymes, these proteins are more closely related to each other and the LtaS protein of L. monocytogenes than to LtaP. Disaccharide-containing glycolipids are often the predominant glycolipids and are pr ...
... has significantly diverged from the LtaS enzyme. In Bacillus spp., which contain four LTA synthase enzymes, these proteins are more closely related to each other and the LtaS protein of L. monocytogenes than to LtaP. Disaccharide-containing glycolipids are often the predominant glycolipids and are pr ...
Chapter 5 Slides
... 5.2 Architecture of Proteins • Shape - globular or fibrous • The levels of protein structure - Primary - sequence - Secondary - local structures - H-bonds - Tertiary - overall 3-dimensional shape ...
... 5.2 Architecture of Proteins • Shape - globular or fibrous • The levels of protein structure - Primary - sequence - Secondary - local structures - H-bonds - Tertiary - overall 3-dimensional shape ...
The Fusion Core Complex of the Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Is
... equilibrated with PBS and calibrated using standard protein molecular mass markers. One milligram each of histidinetagged HR1 or HR2 was resuspended in 1 mL of PBS and fractionated separately or together (by incubating an equimolar mixture of HR1 and HR2 at room temperature for 2 h) on the same colu ...
... equilibrated with PBS and calibrated using standard protein molecular mass markers. One milligram each of histidinetagged HR1 or HR2 was resuspended in 1 mL of PBS and fractionated separately or together (by incubating an equimolar mixture of HR1 and HR2 at room temperature for 2 h) on the same colu ...
integumentary amino acid transport and metabolism in the apodous
... state with the labelled amino acid in the incubation medium by 6o min (Fig. 3). The steady-state concentration of ["CJglycine in the animals was three times that of the incubation medium suggesting the presence of a transport mechanism capable of transferring the amino acid against a concentration g ...
... state with the labelled amino acid in the incubation medium by 6o min (Fig. 3). The steady-state concentration of ["CJglycine in the animals was three times that of the incubation medium suggesting the presence of a transport mechanism capable of transferring the amino acid against a concentration g ...
Role of Na and K in Enzyme Function
... provides biological context (sect. I) and is followed by inspection of the chemical properties and coordination of M⫹s (sect. II). Emphasis on structural aspects of M⫹ coordination in small molecules and larger biological macromolecules highlights similarities and differences observed in the diverse ...
... provides biological context (sect. I) and is followed by inspection of the chemical properties and coordination of M⫹s (sect. II). Emphasis on structural aspects of M⫹ coordination in small molecules and larger biological macromolecules highlights similarities and differences observed in the diverse ...
Safety assessment - Federal Register of Legislation
... Executive Summary and Statement of Reasons Monsanto Australia Limited is seeking approval in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) for food derived from corn line 88017 (MON 88017), a variety that has been genetically modified (GM) for insect-protection and herbicide-tolerance. S ...
... Executive Summary and Statement of Reasons Monsanto Australia Limited is seeking approval in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) for food derived from corn line 88017 (MON 88017), a variety that has been genetically modified (GM) for insect-protection and herbicide-tolerance. S ...
- Atherosclerosis
... affected whereas hepatic concentrations were significantly reduced. Since there was a lower fecal excretion in apoE − / − mice of gel group, one may suggest that the uptake of triacylglycerols by extra hepatic tissues was increased. Since hepatic synthesis of triacylglycerols is not affected by the ...
... affected whereas hepatic concentrations were significantly reduced. Since there was a lower fecal excretion in apoE − / − mice of gel group, one may suggest that the uptake of triacylglycerols by extra hepatic tissues was increased. Since hepatic synthesis of triacylglycerols is not affected by the ...
The AP-3 adaptor complex is required for vacuolar function
... Subcellular trafficking is required for a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. It involves regulation of cargo sorting, vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion processes at multiple levels. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are key regulators of cargo sorting into vesicles in yeast and mammals ...
... Subcellular trafficking is required for a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. It involves regulation of cargo sorting, vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion processes at multiple levels. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are key regulators of cargo sorting into vesicles in yeast and mammals ...
Biomarker discovery for psychiatric disorders
... Although over the last century tremendous progress has been made in the therapy and mortality decrease of devastating conditions such as cancer and cardiopathies, no decrease has been observed in mortality rates or overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders (Kessler et al., 2005). It is therefore n ...
... Although over the last century tremendous progress has been made in the therapy and mortality decrease of devastating conditions such as cancer and cardiopathies, no decrease has been observed in mortality rates or overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders (Kessler et al., 2005). It is therefore n ...
Two decades of studying non-covalent biomolecular assemblies by
... formed via one of two different mechanisms. Analyte ions formed by the ‘ion evaporation model’ are expelled directly from the droplets [17], whereas those resulting from the ‘charged-residue model’ arise as the end product after droplet fisson and solvent evaporation processes have reached exhaustion ...
... formed via one of two different mechanisms. Analyte ions formed by the ‘ion evaporation model’ are expelled directly from the droplets [17], whereas those resulting from the ‘charged-residue model’ arise as the end product after droplet fisson and solvent evaporation processes have reached exhaustion ...
A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor
... each family, sequence similarities are obvious, while no signi¢cant homologies can be detected between members of di¡erent families. This classi¢cation represents a unifying approach in terms of the overall enzyme structure, but, at the same time, it does not require the Mo/W center to be coordinate ...
... each family, sequence similarities are obvious, while no signi¢cant homologies can be detected between members of di¡erent families. This classi¢cation represents a unifying approach in terms of the overall enzyme structure, but, at the same time, it does not require the Mo/W center to be coordinate ...
PCtpc201500393rar1_pap_plantcell 1..22
... (A) Position of the ALIX locus on chromosome 1 of Arabidopsis (BAC F9L1). The sequence surrounding the alix-1 mutation (G-to-A transition), as well as the resulting amino acid change (Gly260-to-Asp), is shown. The exon structure of ALIX is represented with boxes (light, untranslated; dark, coding re ...
... (A) Position of the ALIX locus on chromosome 1 of Arabidopsis (BAC F9L1). The sequence surrounding the alix-1 mutation (G-to-A transition), as well as the resulting amino acid change (Gly260-to-Asp), is shown. The exon structure of ALIX is represented with boxes (light, untranslated; dark, coding re ...
Structure and Expression of Genes for a Class of Cysteine
... enzymes that cut asymmetrically in the insert. Transcription templates were linearized downstream of the insert in the polylinker with appropriate restriction enzymes, phenol extracted, and ethanol precipitated before ill vitro transcription. Unlabeled RNAs for in vitro translation, and cRNA andRNA ...
... enzymes that cut asymmetrically in the insert. Transcription templates were linearized downstream of the insert in the polylinker with appropriate restriction enzymes, phenol extracted, and ethanol precipitated before ill vitro transcription. Unlabeled RNAs for in vitro translation, and cRNA andRNA ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.