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Bio 181: Blue/White screening (pBLU) A central problem of cloning
Bio 181: Blue/White screening (pBLU) A central problem of cloning

... A central problem of cloning is the identification of a desired clone among countless bacteria, transformed & untransformed. In the simple cloning system we have used so far, we used antibiotic resistance to select the desired clones. This was possible because our desired clones all carried antibiot ...
Protein Synthesis
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...  Eventually, drift will cause the loss of one of two neutral alleles initially present. • Neutral mutations are those that have no effect on fitness. An example of a neutral mutation is one that changes the DNA sequence of a gene but not the amino acid sequence. • How long it takes for a neutral al ...
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1. What are the 3 parts of DNA nucleotide?

... original parent DNA. 6. How does DNA replicate itself? What do the new DNA molecules look like compared to the original DNA? First, DNA strands are separated, new bases are paired with template strand, and nucleotides are linked together. The new DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA. 7. Wha ...
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Artificial gene synthesis

Artificial gene synthesis is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory. Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences. Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size. The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs. Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the possibility of expanding the genetic code.Synthesis of the first complete gene, a yeast tRNA, was demonstrated by Har Gobind Khorana and coworkers in 1972. Synthesis of the first peptide- and protein-coding genes was performed in the laboratories of Herbert Boyer and Alexander Markham, respectively.Commercial gene synthesis services are now available from numerous companies worldwide, some of which have built their business model around this task. Current gene synthesis approaches are most often based on a combination of organic chemistry and molecular biological techniques and entire genes may be synthesized ""de novo"", without the need for precursor template DNA. Gene synthesis has become an important tool in many fields of recombinant DNA technology including heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering. The synthesis of nucleic acid sequences is often more economical than classical cloning and mutagenesis procedures.
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