Full Report
... are likely to be. The goal was not to ask what level of global emission controls is justified, nor to estimate the effects of particular treaties on the United States alone. Rather, the study examined the effects of agreements on global emissions and on the economies of major world regions, so as to ...
... are likely to be. The goal was not to ask what level of global emission controls is justified, nor to estimate the effects of particular treaties on the United States alone. Rather, the study examined the effects of agreements on global emissions and on the economies of major world regions, so as to ...
ISSUE BRIEF 14 mANDATORy REGUlATION OF NONTRADITIONAl GREENHOUSE GASES: POlICy OPTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAl
... and are well-suited to regulation through either an emissions tax or cap-and-trade program.2 A wide variety of other emissions sources and gases account for the other approximately 20 percent of U.S. GHG emissions.3 Some of the cheapest mitigation options are likely to involve these “non-traditional ...
... and are well-suited to regulation through either an emissions tax or cap-and-trade program.2 A wide variety of other emissions sources and gases account for the other approximately 20 percent of U.S. GHG emissions.3 Some of the cheapest mitigation options are likely to involve these “non-traditional ...
National Inventory Report on greenhouse gas sources and sinks
... © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2013 Aussi disponible en français ...
... © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2013 Aussi disponible en français ...
MRV of developing country actions in the context of UNFCCC
... As at June 2014, project proposal to access funds for the preparation of BURs from 36 non-Annex I Parties have been approved. ...
... As at June 2014, project proposal to access funds for the preparation of BURs from 36 non-Annex I Parties have been approved. ...
International consultation and analysis
... As at June 2014, project proposal to access funds for the preparation of BURs from 36 non-Annex I Parties have been approved. ...
... As at June 2014, project proposal to access funds for the preparation of BURs from 36 non-Annex I Parties have been approved. ...
A SUCCESSOR FOR THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
... the ability to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.6 The three main gases that are recognised as GHGs are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane; however, compounds such as tropospheric ozone and halocarbons are also considered to be GHGs.7 It is widely agreed that the naturally occurring green ...
... the ability to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.6 The three main gases that are recognised as GHGs are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane; however, compounds such as tropospheric ozone and halocarbons are also considered to be GHGs.7 It is widely agreed that the naturally occurring green ...
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... therefore re-estimate the time trend model over 1981 to 2007 and 1982 to 2007. As we can see, excluding the first two observations will eliminate the significance of the time trend. Therefore, we follow Holtz-Eakin and Selden (1995) and set the time effect at its value in the last year of the sample ...
... therefore re-estimate the time trend model over 1981 to 2007 and 1982 to 2007. As we can see, excluding the first two observations will eliminate the significance of the time trend. Therefore, we follow Holtz-Eakin and Selden (1995) and set the time effect at its value in the last year of the sample ...
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... Moreover, in spite of the recent political changes in the United States, and as we could see during the Copenhagen negotiations, the US administration and Senate still insist on a meaningful participation of major developing economies. Indeed, without a rapid decarbonisation of the major developing ...
... Moreover, in spite of the recent political changes in the United States, and as we could see during the Copenhagen negotiations, the US administration and Senate still insist on a meaningful participation of major developing economies. Indeed, without a rapid decarbonisation of the major developing ...
New Zealand`s Journey toward a Low-Emission Future
... and Development (OECD) countries in 2011. (iv) New Zealand’s emission reduction targets New Zealand met its target for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (limiting net emissions on average over 2008–12 to gross 1990 emissions) with a surplus equivalent to 90.1 million tonnes of CO2eq ...
... and Development (OECD) countries in 2011. (iv) New Zealand’s emission reduction targets New Zealand met its target for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (limiting net emissions on average over 2008–12 to gross 1990 emissions) with a surplus equivalent to 90.1 million tonnes of CO2eq ...
Scaled-up Market Mechanisms – What is Needed to
... Would access to one or the other mechanism (crediting/trading) be restricted on the basis of country categories or circumstances? Would CDM continue to operate in countries/sectors with access to the scaled-up mechanism? This could be a range of criteria along these categories: Environmental ambitio ...
... Would access to one or the other mechanism (crediting/trading) be restricted on the basis of country categories or circumstances? Would CDM continue to operate in countries/sectors with access to the scaled-up mechanism? This could be a range of criteria along these categories: Environmental ambitio ...
United Nations Development Assistance Framework
... At Marrakech Parties did not succeed to attain consent in relation to legal character of the mode of observance of obligations, in particular in relation to that, whether must be statutory normative approvals for non-fulfillment by the countries of the obligations. The decision-making this is carrie ...
... At Marrakech Parties did not succeed to attain consent in relation to legal character of the mode of observance of obligations, in particular in relation to that, whether must be statutory normative approvals for non-fulfillment by the countries of the obligations. The decision-making this is carrie ...
National baseline and INDC scenarios for Parties
... deforestation rates will stay at the same level as the period 2008-2012 while reforestation removals will decline [3]. Based on this, the BAU scenario shows a decrease of net annual LULUCF emissions by 2020 in the range of 3.6 Mt CO2e yr-1 compared to 2010 levels. As the BAU scenario has only been r ...
... deforestation rates will stay at the same level as the period 2008-2012 while reforestation removals will decline [3]. Based on this, the BAU scenario shows a decrease of net annual LULUCF emissions by 2020 in the range of 3.6 Mt CO2e yr-1 compared to 2010 levels. As the BAU scenario has only been r ...
The Montreal Protocol Protection of Ozone and Climate
... Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985 and ultimately to its Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987.2 The Montreal Protocol is perhaps the most successful example of international cooperation to protect the environment. Since 1987, the Protocol ...
... Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985 and ultimately to its Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987.2 The Montreal Protocol is perhaps the most successful example of international cooperation to protect the environment. Since 1987, the Protocol ...
July 2016 - American Bar Association
... action plan agreed to at the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21). In December 2015, parties attending COP21 reaffirmed the goal of limiting global temperature increase to 2°C. Parties also established binding commitments to make nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to pursue ...
... action plan agreed to at the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21). In December 2015, parties attending COP21 reaffirmed the goal of limiting global temperature increase to 2°C. Parties also established binding commitments to make nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to pursue ...
A Kantian approach to sustainable development indicators for
... which the national government has some level of influence or control, there is a causal link between government policy and performance on the indicator. Hence, properly crafted indicators also make it possible for the general public (the electorate) to evaluate current national environmental policie ...
... which the national government has some level of influence or control, there is a causal link between government policy and performance on the indicator. Hence, properly crafted indicators also make it possible for the general public (the electorate) to evaluate current national environmental policie ...
Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International
... requires that the relevant emission time period be defined, for instance as greenhouse gas emissions from 1900 to today. In the climate change negotiations, the developing countries have based much of their argumentation upon this principle (see, e.g., the Brazil and Brazil-RIVM proposals discussed ...
... requires that the relevant emission time period be defined, for instance as greenhouse gas emissions from 1900 to today. In the climate change negotiations, the developing countries have based much of their argumentation upon this principle (see, e.g., the Brazil and Brazil-RIVM proposals discussed ...
Support to Multi-National Environmental Conventions and Terrestrial
... increase of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere during the past 150 years, is a major public, political and scientific concern world-wide. Public concern resulted in the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequently the Kyoto Protocol (1997), which demon ...
... increase of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere during the past 150 years, is a major public, political and scientific concern world-wide. Public concern resulted in the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and subsequently the Kyoto Protocol (1997), which demon ...
Contribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
... gases such as water vapor, sulphur dioxides, and nitrogen oxides can vary substantially over time and location depending on air circulation patterns, temperature gradients, land use practices, and industrial emissions. Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit thermal radiation (or heat) t ...
... gases such as water vapor, sulphur dioxides, and nitrogen oxides can vary substantially over time and location depending on air circulation patterns, temperature gradients, land use practices, and industrial emissions. Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit thermal radiation (or heat) t ...
Getting It ExpErt pErspEctIvEs on thE corporatE rEsponsE to clImatE chanGE
... of organisations in terms of their statutory report and accounts. At governmental level, the Kyoto Protocol is the biggest show on Earth on terms of a global climate change agreement. It’s a shame that the US did not ratify it. Where Kyoto has not been ratified it has been less effective. The Emissi ...
... of organisations in terms of their statutory report and accounts. At governmental level, the Kyoto Protocol is the biggest show on Earth on terms of a global climate change agreement. It’s a shame that the US did not ratify it. Where Kyoto has not been ratified it has been less effective. The Emissi ...
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December, 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to ""a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"" (Art. 2). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The Protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol, in which 37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its 28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States (which has not ratified the Protocol). As of July 2015, 36 states have accepted the Doha Amendment, while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states.Negotiations were held in Lima in 2014 to agree on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. China, India, and the United States have all signaled that they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally to reduce CO2 emissions.