Why Worry About Climate Change? A Research Agenda
... The agreement between the studies is remarkable if one considers the diversity in methods. The studies of Fankhauser, Hope, Nordhaus, and Tol all use the enumerative method: ʻphysicalʼ impact estimates are obtained one by one, from ʻnatural scienceʼ papers based on ʻprocess-basedʼ models or ʻlaborat ...
... The agreement between the studies is remarkable if one considers the diversity in methods. The studies of Fankhauser, Hope, Nordhaus, and Tol all use the enumerative method: ʻphysicalʼ impact estimates are obtained one by one, from ʻnatural scienceʼ papers based on ʻprocess-basedʼ models or ʻlaborat ...
Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy 2014
... 2 PROBLEM FRAMING – GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses (GHG) have risen, with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increasing from 280 to around 400 parts per million (ppm). An increase in GHGs causes an increase in globa ...
... 2 PROBLEM FRAMING – GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses (GHG) have risen, with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increasing from 280 to around 400 parts per million (ppm). An increase in GHGs causes an increase in globa ...
Assessing Climate Risks to Low Carbon Urban Projects
... 2015). Buildings, roads and other infrastructure in cities have long lifetimes, sometimes spanning 50 to 100 years of use. Urban infrastructure construction choices of today – retrofitting existing buildings for energy efficiency, setting green building standards for new infrastructure, encouraging ...
... 2015). Buildings, roads and other infrastructure in cities have long lifetimes, sometimes spanning 50 to 100 years of use. Urban infrastructure construction choices of today – retrofitting existing buildings for energy efficiency, setting green building standards for new infrastructure, encouraging ...
Understanding Climate Change: Lesson Plans for
... hypothesis rather than prove it as true because an infinite number of alternate hypotheses would have to be tested to prove the absolute truth of any single hypothesis. Disproving a hypothesis decreases our confidence in its accuracy and expands our understanding of observed ...
... hypothesis rather than prove it as true because an infinite number of alternate hypotheses would have to be tested to prove the absolute truth of any single hypothesis. Disproving a hypothesis decreases our confidence in its accuracy and expands our understanding of observed ...
Modifying the 2°C Target - Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
... In international climate policy, there is broad consensus, at least formally, on the necessity of limiting the increase in the global average temperature to a maximum of 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The definition of 2°C as the threshold beyond which the consequences of climate change could spin ...
... In international climate policy, there is broad consensus, at least formally, on the necessity of limiting the increase in the global average temperature to a maximum of 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The definition of 2°C as the threshold beyond which the consequences of climate change could spin ...
Green Finance Solves - UMKC Summer Debate Institute
... governments around the world begin to shift trillions of dollars to support wind turbines, solar farms, hydroelectric dams and technologies that reduce energy consumption. The International Energy Agency estimates the global cost of meeting the climate change goals of the Paris accords at $16.5 tril ...
... governments around the world begin to shift trillions of dollars to support wind turbines, solar farms, hydroelectric dams and technologies that reduce energy consumption. The International Energy Agency estimates the global cost of meeting the climate change goals of the Paris accords at $16.5 tril ...
Southern Africa Climate Change Framework
... National variations also exist in the levels and rates of growth of human development (measured by the Human Development Index [HDI]). The HDI aggregates different components of human development into a composite measure. The specific indicators making up the composite HDI are life expectancy at bir ...
... National variations also exist in the levels and rates of growth of human development (measured by the Human Development Index [HDI]). The HDI aggregates different components of human development into a composite measure. The specific indicators making up the composite HDI are life expectancy at bir ...
Stop Trashing the Climate
... To say it would be “very beneficial” is probably an understatement. It turns out that we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an amount equivalent to shutting down one-fifth of the nation’s coal-fired power plants by making practical and achievable changes to America’s waste management system. Ind ...
... To say it would be “very beneficial” is probably an understatement. It turns out that we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an amount equivalent to shutting down one-fifth of the nation’s coal-fired power plants by making practical and achievable changes to America’s waste management system. Ind ...
Energy and Climate UZWATER - Baltic University Programme
... Box 1.1 Energy units and conversion of energy units Energy is defined via work. The SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is eq ...
... Box 1.1 Energy units and conversion of energy units Energy is defined via work. The SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is eq ...
Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
... • Slow the pace of other climate impacts and provide critical time to adapt to unavoidable impacts. The primary direct local benefits for developing countries from reducing SLCPs include: • Saving millions of lives a year and significantly reducing other illnesses. • Improving food security. • E ...
... • Slow the pace of other climate impacts and provide critical time to adapt to unavoidable impacts. The primary direct local benefits for developing countries from reducing SLCPs include: • Saving millions of lives a year and significantly reducing other illnesses. • Improving food security. • E ...
Technology and Policy Options for a Low
... raise living standards around the world. Canada, like many countries, relies on fossil fuels for most of its energy. Coal, oil, and natural gas together account for 72% of Canada’s energy supply, and they are the dominant sources of energy used for transportation, space heating, many industrial proc ...
... raise living standards around the world. Canada, like many countries, relies on fossil fuels for most of its energy. Coal, oil, and natural gas together account for 72% of Canada’s energy supply, and they are the dominant sources of energy used for transportation, space heating, many industrial proc ...
Working Paper 219 - Kessler (opens in new window)
... uncertainties in IAMs through the use of Monte Carlo methods: Ackerman et al. (2010) explored the implications of varying simultaneously the climate sensitivity parameter and the damage function exponent using the DICE model; Pycroft et al. (2011) conducted a similar exercise using PAGE09; Calel et ...
... uncertainties in IAMs through the use of Monte Carlo methods: Ackerman et al. (2010) explored the implications of varying simultaneously the climate sensitivity parameter and the damage function exponent using the DICE model; Pycroft et al. (2011) conducted a similar exercise using PAGE09; Calel et ...
FOREWORD Mongolia`s harsh climatic conditions create one of the
... support of international initiatives in protection of global climate. Mongolia was one of over 150 countries to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The Gr ...
... support of international initiatives in protection of global climate. Mongolia was one of over 150 countries to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The Gr ...
teaching manual - Live and Learn
... Disaster risks are the potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur in a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. ...
... Disaster risks are the potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur in a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. ...
Technical Change and the Marginal Cost of Abatement∗
... technologies that pivot the cost curve to the right tend to decrease in MPS. Yet the empirical basis for this aspect of technical change–how it effects marginal abatement costs–has been largely ignored in the construction of these models. This paper addresses the treatment of technical change in the ...
... technologies that pivot the cost curve to the right tend to decrease in MPS. Yet the empirical basis for this aspect of technical change–how it effects marginal abatement costs–has been largely ignored in the construction of these models. This paper addresses the treatment of technical change in the ...
Climate Change and Tourism - United Nations Department of
... future event for tourism, as the varied impacts of a changing climate are becoming evident at destinations around the world and climate change is already influencing decisionmaking in the tourism sector. At the same time, the tourism sector is a nonnegligible contributor to ...
... future event for tourism, as the varied impacts of a changing climate are becoming evident at destinations around the world and climate change is already influencing decisionmaking in the tourism sector. At the same time, the tourism sector is a nonnegligible contributor to ...
An Analysis of Carbon Sequestration on Clarkson University`s Campus
... in vehicles, increased housing and building insulation, and new forms of alternative energy. In the transportation sector alone, there are many technological advances that can come about that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Increases in fuel efficiency will lead to higher fuel economy and less ...
... in vehicles, increased housing and building insulation, and new forms of alternative energy. In the transportation sector alone, there are many technological advances that can come about that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Increases in fuel efficiency will lead to higher fuel economy and less ...
Israel`s Second National Communication on Climate
... Foreword by the Minister of Environmental Protection On behalf of the Government of Israel, it is an honor and a privilege to present Israel’s Second National Communication to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Much has happened in Israel sin ...
... Foreword by the Minister of Environmental Protection On behalf of the Government of Israel, it is an honor and a privilege to present Israel’s Second National Communication to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Much has happened in Israel sin ...
Quantifying Carbon Cycle Feedbacks
... Perturbations to the carbon cycle could constitute large feedbacks on future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. This paper demonstrates how carbon cycle feedback can be expressed in formally similar ways to climate feedback, and thus compares their magnitudes. The carbon cycle giv ...
... Perturbations to the carbon cycle could constitute large feedbacks on future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. This paper demonstrates how carbon cycle feedback can be expressed in formally similar ways to climate feedback, and thus compares their magnitudes. The carbon cycle giv ...
White Paper on the Ethical Dimensions of Climate Change
... 7. Potential New Technologies: Is the argument that we should minimize climate change action until new, less-costly technologies may be invented in the future, ethically justifiable? 8. Procedural Fairness: What principles of procedural justice should be followed to assure fair representation in d ...
... 7. Potential New Technologies: Is the argument that we should minimize climate change action until new, less-costly technologies may be invented in the future, ethically justifiable? 8. Procedural Fairness: What principles of procedural justice should be followed to assure fair representation in d ...
Australian attitudes on climate change
... when bush fires threatened the regions. Businesses were vocal in their support of an ambitious carbon price. With a wave of international concern, Prime Minister John Howard described it as the perfect storm for climate action. ...
... when bush fires threatened the regions. Businesses were vocal in their support of an ambitious carbon price. With a wave of international concern, Prime Minister John Howard described it as the perfect storm for climate action. ...
The Hamburg Climate Action Plan
... give priority to those areas where most greenhouse gases occur. ...
... give priority to those areas where most greenhouse gases occur. ...
Mis - Center for International Environmental Law
... moment in the history of electrification where decentralized energy networks are rapidly spreading based on super-efficient end-use appliances and low-cost photovoltaics.”25 Investment in energy efficiency global markets in 2012 was estimated at between $310–$360 billion USD—larger than supply-side ...
... moment in the history of electrification where decentralized energy networks are rapidly spreading based on super-efficient end-use appliances and low-cost photovoltaics.”25 Investment in energy efficiency global markets in 2012 was estimated at between $310–$360 billion USD—larger than supply-side ...
Setting Australia`s post-2020 target for reducing greenhouse gas
... Executive summary: a strong and responsible 2030 target..................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction and context....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Australia’s role in global action on climate change.. ...
... Executive summary: a strong and responsible 2030 target..................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction and context....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Australia’s role in global action on climate change.. ...
The Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
... Earth’s atmosphere, and everything we do that consumes energy derived from fossil fuels impacts the atmosphere and ultimately the oceans, biosphere, and geosphere. The agricultural and technological activities of the rapidly expanding species Homo sapiens are having increasingly profound effects on ...
... Earth’s atmosphere, and everything we do that consumes energy derived from fossil fuels impacts the atmosphere and ultimately the oceans, biosphere, and geosphere. The agricultural and technological activities of the rapidly expanding species Homo sapiens are having increasingly profound effects on ...
Climate change mitigation
Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation. Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming.""Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of ‘the tragedy of the commons’""Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest, (See International Cooperation and Emissions Trading) suggesting the need for collective action. Some adaptation actions, on the other hand, have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals, regions, or countries that undertake them, at least in the short term. Nevertheless, financing such adaptive activities remains an issue, particularly for poor individuals and countries.""Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon energy sources, such as renewable and nuclear energy, and expanding forests and other ""sinks"" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Energy efficiency may also play a role, for example, through improving the insulation of buildings. Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering.Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system. Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change, but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments.In 2010, Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level. This may be revised with a target of limiting global warming to below 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. Other mitigation policies have been proposed, some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 °C limit.