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... University Press, 1999). The editors were officers of UNDP. On the UNDP web page promoting the book, the then UN Secretary General says the following: ‘It is not beyond the power of political volition to tip the scales towards a more secure peace, greater economic well-being, social justice and envi ...
... University Press, 1999). The editors were officers of UNDP. On the UNDP web page promoting the book, the then UN Secretary General says the following: ‘It is not beyond the power of political volition to tip the scales towards a more secure peace, greater economic well-being, social justice and envi ...
Towards 2050: Climate Change Research 2014-2020 Informing Transition and Opportunity
... society and economy is required. Achievement of this transition is central to sustainable development goals and will provide major co-benefits, e.g., for human health and environmental quality. However the delayed global response to climate change may mean that unmanageable impacts will occur with c ...
... society and economy is required. Achievement of this transition is central to sustainable development goals and will provide major co-benefits, e.g., for human health and environmental quality. However the delayed global response to climate change may mean that unmanageable impacts will occur with c ...
Comparing CO2 emissions to CO2 levels
... Figure 1: CO2 levels (Green Line - Law Dome, East Antarctica and Blue line - Mauna Loa, Hawaii) and Cumulative CO2 emissions in gigatonnes of CO2 (Red Line - CDIAC). So putting it all together, Figure 1 is a plot of the total amount of CO2 in the atmosphere (top) versus the total amount of CO2 huma ...
... Figure 1: CO2 levels (Green Line - Law Dome, East Antarctica and Blue line - Mauna Loa, Hawaii) and Cumulative CO2 emissions in gigatonnes of CO2 (Red Line - CDIAC). So putting it all together, Figure 1 is a plot of the total amount of CO2 in the atmosphere (top) versus the total amount of CO2 huma ...
Correcting the carbon cycle representation: How
... sophisticated carbon cycle models will generate new insight into the economics of global warming or can lead to different policy recommendations. Today, sophisticated models are available to simulate the dynamics of the atmosphere–ocean–biosphere system for understanding the fate of carbon emissions ...
... sophisticated carbon cycle models will generate new insight into the economics of global warming or can lead to different policy recommendations. Today, sophisticated models are available to simulate the dynamics of the atmosphere–ocean–biosphere system for understanding the fate of carbon emissions ...
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... [26]. Moreover, 23 States had GHG reduction targets and 37 States had climate action plans in 2012. GHG reduction targets vary by state. For example, California’s target is to achieve 1990 emission levels by 2020 [27]. In both countries federal governments have developed a number of policies that di ...
... [26]. Moreover, 23 States had GHG reduction targets and 37 States had climate action plans in 2012. GHG reduction targets vary by state. For example, California’s target is to achieve 1990 emission levels by 2020 [27]. In both countries federal governments have developed a number of policies that di ...
What will global annual emissions of greenhouse gases be in
... However, when the achievement of net negative emissions is assumed, four published model pathways suggest that the rise in global average temperature could be limited to less than 2°C. These pathways have a median value of 53 Gt CO2e in 2020, reducing to 47 Gt CO2e in 2030, 28 Gt CO2e in 2050 and - ...
... However, when the achievement of net negative emissions is assumed, four published model pathways suggest that the rise in global average temperature could be limited to less than 2°C. These pathways have a median value of 53 Gt CO2e in 2020, reducing to 47 Gt CO2e in 2030, 28 Gt CO2e in 2050 and - ...
México, parte del Protocolo de Kyoto
... • Methane recovery (landfills and water treatment plants) • Industrial process changes • Cogeneration (use of waste heat from electric generation) • Transport (efficiency improvements, fuel substitutes) • Agricultural sector (reduction of any category of greenhouse gas emissions) • Land use (affores ...
... • Methane recovery (landfills and water treatment plants) • Industrial process changes • Cogeneration (use of waste heat from electric generation) • Transport (efficiency improvements, fuel substitutes) • Agricultural sector (reduction of any category of greenhouse gas emissions) • Land use (affores ...
Stratospheric Ozone
... protect ozone layer • Currently 140 countries are parties • Timetable to reduce and end production and consumption of 8 major halocarbons • Many governments committed to early phase outs ...
... protect ozone layer • Currently 140 countries are parties • Timetable to reduce and end production and consumption of 8 major halocarbons • Many governments committed to early phase outs ...
Introduction
... Soil plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The carbon stock of soil equals some 1 500 Pg in the topmost 1 m soil layer (Eswaran, van den Berg and Reich, 1993; Jobbágy and Jackson, 2000), and approximately 506 Pg (32 percent) of this is in the tropics (Eswaran, van den Berg and Reich, 1 ...
... Soil plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The carbon stock of soil equals some 1 500 Pg in the topmost 1 m soil layer (Eswaran, van den Berg and Reich, 1993; Jobbágy and Jackson, 2000), and approximately 506 Pg (32 percent) of this is in the tropics (Eswaran, van den Berg and Reich, 1 ...
PDF
... In this paper we argue that when a subgroup of countries cooperate on emission reduction, the optimal response of non-signatories countries reflects the interaction between three potentially opposing factors, the incentive to free-ride on the benefits of cooperation, the incentive to expand the dema ...
... In this paper we argue that when a subgroup of countries cooperate on emission reduction, the optimal response of non-signatories countries reflects the interaction between three potentially opposing factors, the incentive to free-ride on the benefits of cooperation, the incentive to expand the dema ...
Global Warming - Science or Politics
... I find it very hard to accept that Alberta’s CCEMC (Climate Change and Emissions Management Fund) is already spending billions of dollars and getting ready to spend another 6.9 billion on the advice of the IPCC without apparent due diligence by any other science group. I look in the mirror and wonde ...
... I find it very hard to accept that Alberta’s CCEMC (Climate Change and Emissions Management Fund) is already spending billions of dollars and getting ready to spend another 6.9 billion on the advice of the IPCC without apparent due diligence by any other science group. I look in the mirror and wonde ...
Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization
... depleted and wheat production would be phased out entirely by 2016 • Will be importing nearly all the grain needed to feed its 30 million people Saudi Arabia is the first country to publicly project how overpumping will shrink its grain harvest. Photo Credit: NASA ...
... depleted and wheat production would be phased out entirely by 2016 • Will be importing nearly all the grain needed to feed its 30 million people Saudi Arabia is the first country to publicly project how overpumping will shrink its grain harvest. Photo Credit: NASA ...
Global fossil energy markets and climate change mitigation – an
... markets. We explain this observation in terms of (a) the intertemporal scarcity rent, (b) regional price differentials arising from trade and transport costs, (c) heterogeneity and inertia in the extraction sector. These effects are captured by the REMIND model. We use the model to explore economic ...
... markets. We explain this observation in terms of (a) the intertemporal scarcity rent, (b) regional price differentials arising from trade and transport costs, (c) heterogeneity and inertia in the extraction sector. These effects are captured by the REMIND model. We use the model to explore economic ...
Plan B 4.0 - Earth Policy Institute
... depleted and wheat production would be phased out entirely by 2016 • Will be importing nearly all the grain needed to feed its 30 million people Saudi Arabia is the first country to publicly project how overpumping will shrink its grain harvest. Photo Credit: NASA ...
... depleted and wheat production would be phased out entirely by 2016 • Will be importing nearly all the grain needed to feed its 30 million people Saudi Arabia is the first country to publicly project how overpumping will shrink its grain harvest. Photo Credit: NASA ...
7. Nature, “Soot a major contributor to climate change” (15 Jan 2013)
... coal-fired power plants] necessitates additional emissions of greenhouse gases, and the coal-based infrastructure will continue to emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases as it is phased out. Furthermore, ocean thermal inertia delays the climate benefits of emissions reductions.... We show that ...
... coal-fired power plants] necessitates additional emissions of greenhouse gases, and the coal-based infrastructure will continue to emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases as it is phased out. Furthermore, ocean thermal inertia delays the climate benefits of emissions reductions.... We show that ...
Reconciling anthropogenic climate change with observed
... concentration of five greenhouse gases as measured by instruments located at Mauna Loa, CO2 (16) and Samoa; CH4 , N2 O, CFC11, and CFC12 (17). Time series for solar insolation (18), SOI (19), and the radiative forcing of volcanic sulfates (20) are updated with values from sources that are used to ge ...
... concentration of five greenhouse gases as measured by instruments located at Mauna Loa, CO2 (16) and Samoa; CH4 , N2 O, CFC11, and CFC12 (17). Time series for solar insolation (18), SOI (19), and the radiative forcing of volcanic sulfates (20) are updated with values from sources that are used to ge ...
IATA CO2 Calculator Guidelines
... occur in the upper atmosphere. 2.2 What is carbon offsetting? Climate change is one of the biggest threats we face. Everyday actions like using electrical equipment, heating your home, driving a car and flying consume energy and produce greenhouse gases emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) - ...
... occur in the upper atmosphere. 2.2 What is carbon offsetting? Climate change is one of the biggest threats we face. Everyday actions like using electrical equipment, heating your home, driving a car and flying consume energy and produce greenhouse gases emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) - ...
Governance and Management ClIMATE ChAnGE bRIEFInG pApER
... (and tomorrow’s) companies and their accountants. ...
... (and tomorrow’s) companies and their accountants. ...
Week Three Greenhouse Gas
... If concerns over greenhouse gas emissions were translated into actions to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, worldwide carbon emissions would have to cease in short order. Eliminating fossil fuels, which currently provide 85% of all energy supplies, would likely precipitate a major energy ...
... If concerns over greenhouse gas emissions were translated into actions to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, worldwide carbon emissions would have to cease in short order. Eliminating fossil fuels, which currently provide 85% of all energy supplies, would likely precipitate a major energy ...
Fairtrade and the carbon market
... the hardest. The most vulnerable are those living in rural areas in developing countries. They include small scale farmers and their communities, many of whom we rely on to grow our food.1 ...
... the hardest. The most vulnerable are those living in rural areas in developing countries. They include small scale farmers and their communities, many of whom we rely on to grow our food.1 ...
Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy
... cap–and-trade systems, carbon taxes, and some types of regulatory mechanisms. Finally, Jing Cao (2010) presents the perspective of China, the most important of the emerging economies, by examining an approach which seeks to reconcile fairness, economic development imperatives, and sensible climate p ...
... cap–and-trade systems, carbon taxes, and some types of regulatory mechanisms. Finally, Jing Cao (2010) presents the perspective of China, the most important of the emerging economies, by examining an approach which seeks to reconcile fairness, economic development imperatives, and sensible climate p ...
Energy and Climate Change Element
... A balance of naturally occurring gases dispersed in the atmosphere determines the Earth’s climate by trapping solar radiation. This phenomenon is known as the “greenhouse effect.” Modern human activity, most notably the burning of fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation, introduce ...
... A balance of naturally occurring gases dispersed in the atmosphere determines the Earth’s climate by trapping solar radiation. This phenomenon is known as the “greenhouse effect.” Modern human activity, most notably the burning of fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation, introduce ...
Climate change mitigation
Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation. Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming.""Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of ‘the tragedy of the commons’""Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest, (See International Cooperation and Emissions Trading) suggesting the need for collective action. Some adaptation actions, on the other hand, have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals, regions, or countries that undertake them, at least in the short term. Nevertheless, financing such adaptive activities remains an issue, particularly for poor individuals and countries.""Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon energy sources, such as renewable and nuclear energy, and expanding forests and other ""sinks"" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Energy efficiency may also play a role, for example, through improving the insulation of buildings. Another approach to climate change mitigation is climate engineering.Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system. Scientific analysis can provide information on the impacts of climate change, but deciding which impacts are dangerous requires value judgments.In 2010, Parties to the UNFCCC agreed that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level. This may be revised with a target of limiting global warming to below 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions does not appear to be consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. Other mitigation policies have been proposed, some of which are more stringent or modest than the 2 °C limit.