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... One of the most widely occuring steroids, was first isolated in 1770. Contains 8 chiral C atoms, this means that 28 or 256 stereoisomers are possible, but only one of them is cholesterol. ...
... One of the most widely occuring steroids, was first isolated in 1770. Contains 8 chiral C atoms, this means that 28 or 256 stereoisomers are possible, but only one of them is cholesterol. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... into oxaloacetate (OAA) catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (PC), followed by conversion of OAA into PEP mediated by PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK). PEPCK is commonly considered the control point for liver gluconeogenesis and its overexpression leads to hyperglycemia. However, deletion of PEPCK reduced glu ...
... into oxaloacetate (OAA) catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase (PC), followed by conversion of OAA into PEP mediated by PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK). PEPCK is commonly considered the control point for liver gluconeogenesis and its overexpression leads to hyperglycemia. However, deletion of PEPCK reduced glu ...
Growth independent rhamnolipid production from glucose using the
... chains [8]. The alkyl chains can also contain up to two unsaturated C-C bonds [5]. The rhamnose moiety is synthesized from glucose-6phosphat in five consecutive enzymatic steps [11]. The b-hydroxy fatty acids in turn originate from fatty acid de novo synthesis [12]. Both metabolic pathways exist in ...
... chains [8]. The alkyl chains can also contain up to two unsaturated C-C bonds [5]. The rhamnose moiety is synthesized from glucose-6phosphat in five consecutive enzymatic steps [11]. The b-hydroxy fatty acids in turn originate from fatty acid de novo synthesis [12]. Both metabolic pathways exist in ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... III. Reversible nonoxidative reactions - The nonoxidative reactions of pentose phosphate pathway occur in all cell types synthesizing nucleotides & nucleic acids. - These reactions catalyze the interconversion of 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, & 7-carbon sugars. These reversible reactions permit ribulose-5-P (pro ...
... III. Reversible nonoxidative reactions - The nonoxidative reactions of pentose phosphate pathway occur in all cell types synthesizing nucleotides & nucleic acids. - These reactions catalyze the interconversion of 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, & 7-carbon sugars. These reversible reactions permit ribulose-5-P (pro ...
BCH 305
... The nonpolar amino acids include all those with alkyl chain R groups (alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine), as well as proline (with its unusual cyclic structure), methionine (one of the two sulfur‐ containing amino acids), and two aromatic amino acids, ph ...
... The nonpolar amino acids include all those with alkyl chain R groups (alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine), as well as proline (with its unusual cyclic structure), methionine (one of the two sulfur‐ containing amino acids), and two aromatic amino acids, ph ...
A Study of the Effects of Exercise on the Urinary Metabolome
... unlike studies investigating the effects of fasting, have been shown to exhibit large inter-subject variability [8,11]. Therefore, the question of dosing specific exercise regimes to varying population cohorts (sedentary vs. regularly active vs. athletes) in order to maximize the efficacy of the int ...
... unlike studies investigating the effects of fasting, have been shown to exhibit large inter-subject variability [8,11]. Therefore, the question of dosing specific exercise regimes to varying population cohorts (sedentary vs. regularly active vs. athletes) in order to maximize the efficacy of the int ...
Mini-Series: Modern Metabolic Concepts The Biochemistry of the
... through a series of enzymatic steps first in the non-oxidative glycolytic pathway (from glucose to pyruvate) followed by efficient oxidative metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (from acetyl-CoA to CO2 and H2O) to harness a portion of its potential energy as ATP. Interestingly, these two majo ...
... through a series of enzymatic steps first in the non-oxidative glycolytic pathway (from glucose to pyruvate) followed by efficient oxidative metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (from acetyl-CoA to CO2 and H2O) to harness a portion of its potential energy as ATP. Interestingly, these two majo ...
Biosynthesis of glucose – gluconeogenesis
... Insulin, which rises subsequent to eating, stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon, which rises during starvation, inhibits the expression of these enzymes and stimulates the production of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase. Transc ...
... Insulin, which rises subsequent to eating, stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon, which rises during starvation, inhibits the expression of these enzymes and stimulates the production of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase. Transc ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Mn++ is thought to promote Pi transfer by interacting simultaneously with the enolate oxygen atom and an oxygen atom of the terminal phosphate of GTP or ATP. ...
... Mn++ is thought to promote Pi transfer by interacting simultaneously with the enolate oxygen atom and an oxygen atom of the terminal phosphate of GTP or ATP. ...
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... • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
TEXT F.H.C crick postulated the existence of “genetic code” the set
... will prove the relationship between codon and radioactive amino acid. For example, 20 samples of a mixture of all 20 amino acids may be taken and in each sample one amino acid is made radioactive in such a manner that each and every amino acid is made radioactive in one sample or the other, and no t ...
... will prove the relationship between codon and radioactive amino acid. For example, 20 samples of a mixture of all 20 amino acids may be taken and in each sample one amino acid is made radioactive in such a manner that each and every amino acid is made radioactive in one sample or the other, and no t ...
PDF
... Grass pea has a number of advantages in respect to its properties, such as its high protein content, a high yield potential, low fertilization levels its tolerance to flood or salinity, drought survival. This plant is also commonly grown for animal feed and forage. Grass pea seeds may represent a po ...
... Grass pea has a number of advantages in respect to its properties, such as its high protein content, a high yield potential, low fertilization levels its tolerance to flood or salinity, drought survival. This plant is also commonly grown for animal feed and forage. Grass pea seeds may represent a po ...
Control of cytoplasmic pH under anoxic
... membrane transport (Johannes and Felle, 1987; Blatt, 1992) is more and more appreciated, and calls for an improved understanding of intracellular pH regulation, yet despite the many splendid reports and reviews (Smith and Raven, 1979; Roberts et al, 1984a, b; Raven, 1986; Davies, 1986; Fox and Ratcl ...
... membrane transport (Johannes and Felle, 1987; Blatt, 1992) is more and more appreciated, and calls for an improved understanding of intracellular pH regulation, yet despite the many splendid reports and reviews (Smith and Raven, 1979; Roberts et al, 1984a, b; Raven, 1986; Davies, 1986; Fox and Ratcl ...
Obesity and the regulation of fat metabolism
... of stored triacylglycerides is initiated by lipolytic enzymes such as hormone-sensitive lipase. Liberated fatty acids are then activated to their respective acyl-CoA derivates by acyl-CoA synthases/ligases. Breakdown of fatty acyl-CoAs to acetyl-CoA occurs in peroxisomes or mitochondria via β-oxidat ...
... of stored triacylglycerides is initiated by lipolytic enzymes such as hormone-sensitive lipase. Liberated fatty acids are then activated to their respective acyl-CoA derivates by acyl-CoA synthases/ligases. Breakdown of fatty acyl-CoAs to acetyl-CoA occurs in peroxisomes or mitochondria via β-oxidat ...
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... the organ, when analysed shortly after a meal, high in carbohydrate. After 12 to 18 hours of fasting, the liver becomes almost totally depleted of glycogen. Reactions of Synthetic Pathway Glucose is first phosphorylated to glucose-6-P by Glucokinase (or hexokinase), common to first reaction of gly ...
... the organ, when analysed shortly after a meal, high in carbohydrate. After 12 to 18 hours of fasting, the liver becomes almost totally depleted of glycogen. Reactions of Synthetic Pathway Glucose is first phosphorylated to glucose-6-P by Glucokinase (or hexokinase), common to first reaction of gly ...
Energy for Cells
... cytoplasm outside the mitochondria. During glycolysis, glucose, a C6 molecule, is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate, a C3 molecule. Glycolysis is divided into (1) the energy-investment steps when ATP is used, and (2) the energy-harvesting steps, when NADH and ATP are produced (Fig. 7.3). ...
... cytoplasm outside the mitochondria. During glycolysis, glucose, a C6 molecule, is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate, a C3 molecule. Glycolysis is divided into (1) the energy-investment steps when ATP is used, and (2) the energy-harvesting steps, when NADH and ATP are produced (Fig. 7.3). ...
Plant purple acid phosphatases — genes, structures and biological
... nine potential PAP genes have been identified (Li et al., 2002). Twenty four putative enzymes contained a typical for PAPs set of seven amino-acids residues involved in metal binding. One putative protein lacked four of these seven residues, four others had metal ligating sequences more similar to t ...
... nine potential PAP genes have been identified (Li et al., 2002). Twenty four putative enzymes contained a typical for PAPs set of seven amino-acids residues involved in metal binding. One putative protein lacked four of these seven residues, four others had metal ligating sequences more similar to t ...
Discovering the Interaction Propensities of Amino Acids and
... that they are hydrophilic and contain highly electronegative atoms located in the outermost region of their side chains. In contrast, valine has the lowest propensity to interact with RNA (Pa = 0.02), followed by isoleucine (Pa = 0.11) and alanine (Pa = 0.13), and these amino acids are hydrophobic a ...
... that they are hydrophilic and contain highly electronegative atoms located in the outermost region of their side chains. In contrast, valine has the lowest propensity to interact with RNA (Pa = 0.02), followed by isoleucine (Pa = 0.11) and alanine (Pa = 0.13), and these amino acids are hydrophobic a ...
Lysine Inhibition of in vivo Homocitrate Synthesis in
... blue in 95 yoethanol. This indicator reveals acids as yellow spots on a blue background. By the combination of scanning and spraying, radioactive acids were detected. Homocitric lactone, citric acid, a-ketoglutaric acid and succinic acid were spotted as standards. For co-chromatography, the ether ex ...
... blue in 95 yoethanol. This indicator reveals acids as yellow spots on a blue background. By the combination of scanning and spraying, radioactive acids were detected. Homocitric lactone, citric acid, a-ketoglutaric acid and succinic acid were spotted as standards. For co-chromatography, the ether ex ...
Gluconeogenesis • The biosynthesis of glucose
... Occasionally, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis must occur simulataneously Cori Cycle • In muscle: Occurs when our energy needs deplete our oxygen supply; we then switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism. -exercising • If you are intensely exercising, your muscles are: -Using up glucose t ...
... Occasionally, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis must occur simulataneously Cori Cycle • In muscle: Occurs when our energy needs deplete our oxygen supply; we then switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism. -exercising • If you are intensely exercising, your muscles are: -Using up glucose t ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Gluconeogenesis Lectures
... Any metabolite that can be converted to pyruvate or oxaloacetate can be a glucose precursor Lactate is formed by active skeletal muscle when glycolysis > oxidative metabolism. Lactate is converted by lactate dehydrogenase to pyruvate. Pyruvate (Certain) Amino acids are derived from protein in the di ...
... Any metabolite that can be converted to pyruvate or oxaloacetate can be a glucose precursor Lactate is formed by active skeletal muscle when glycolysis > oxidative metabolism. Lactate is converted by lactate dehydrogenase to pyruvate. Pyruvate (Certain) Amino acids are derived from protein in the di ...
Metabolism, Energy Balance, and Body Composition © 2009 Cengage - Wadsworth
... Glucose and fatty acids are primarily used for energy, amino acids to a lesser extent. Glucose is made from all carbohydrates, most amino acids and the glycerol portion of fat. Protein is made from amino acids. Glucose can be made into nonessential amino acids if nitrogen is present. All e ...
... Glucose and fatty acids are primarily used for energy, amino acids to a lesser extent. Glucose is made from all carbohydrates, most amino acids and the glycerol portion of fat. Protein is made from amino acids. Glucose can be made into nonessential amino acids if nitrogen is present. All e ...
a-Aminoadipate aminotransferase from an extremely
... was therefore termed lysN. LysN recognizes not only 2-oxoadipate, an intermediate of lysine biosynthesis, but also 2-oxoisocaproate, 2-oxoisovalerate and 2-oxo-3-methylvalerate, intermediates of leucine, valine and isoleucine biosyntheses, respectively, along with oxaloacetate, a compound in the TCA ...
... was therefore termed lysN. LysN recognizes not only 2-oxoadipate, an intermediate of lysine biosynthesis, but also 2-oxoisocaproate, 2-oxoisovalerate and 2-oxo-3-methylvalerate, intermediates of leucine, valine and isoleucine biosyntheses, respectively, along with oxaloacetate, a compound in the TCA ...
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): mechanisms of action
... Paracetamol has a central analgesic effect that is mediated through activation of descending serotonergic pathways. Debate exists about its primary site of action, which may be inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis or through an active metabolite influencing cannabinoid receptors. Prostaglandin ...
... Paracetamol has a central analgesic effect that is mediated through activation of descending serotonergic pathways. Debate exists about its primary site of action, which may be inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis or through an active metabolite influencing cannabinoid receptors. Prostaglandin ...
Organic Chemistry/Fourth Edition: e-Text
... more acidic site is designated pKa1, the one corresponding to the less acidic site is designated pKa2. Table 27.2 lists pKa1 and pKa2 values for the -amino acids that have neutral side chains, which are the first two groups of amino acids given in Table 27.1. In all cases their pKa values are simil ...
... more acidic site is designated pKa1, the one corresponding to the less acidic site is designated pKa2. Table 27.2 lists pKa1 and pKa2 values for the -amino acids that have neutral side chains, which are the first two groups of amino acids given in Table 27.1. In all cases their pKa values are simil ...
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an important part of the lipogenesis process, which – together with glycolysis – functions to create fats from blood sugar in living organisms.