The Citric Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors
... thermodynamically. The elegant modular structures of the pyruvate and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes reveal how three reactions (decarboxylation, oxidation, and thioester formation) can be linked to harness the free energy associated with decarboxylation to drive the synthesis of both acyl C ...
... thermodynamically. The elegant modular structures of the pyruvate and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes reveal how three reactions (decarboxylation, oxidation, and thioester formation) can be linked to harness the free energy associated with decarboxylation to drive the synthesis of both acyl C ...
Chemistry 202 Amino Acids, Peptides, and
... order they occur. Simple examples are the tripeptides made by combining either three glycine molecules or two glycines and one alanine. The three glycine tripeptide can have only one structure: glycine-glycine-glycine. The other tripeptides can have different orders: glycine-alanine-glycine, glycine ...
... order they occur. Simple examples are the tripeptides made by combining either three glycine molecules or two glycines and one alanine. The three glycine tripeptide can have only one structure: glycine-glycine-glycine. The other tripeptides can have different orders: glycine-alanine-glycine, glycine ...
Ch18_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
... B) its functional groups situated in different configurations with respect to a double bond. C) the same functional groups, but a different carbon skeleton. D) the same carbon skeleton and the same functional groups, but the functional groups are attached at different sites. E) a carbon atom bonded ...
... B) its functional groups situated in different configurations with respect to a double bond. C) the same functional groups, but a different carbon skeleton. D) the same carbon skeleton and the same functional groups, but the functional groups are attached at different sites. E) a carbon atom bonded ...
Carbohydrates
... The end products of Embden Meyerhoef Pathway are two molecules of pyruvic acid. For aerobic respiration pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and then changes into acetyl CoA. But in absence of oxygen or shortage of oxygen supply, the pyruvate generated during glycolysis is reduced to lactic acid in anim ...
... The end products of Embden Meyerhoef Pathway are two molecules of pyruvic acid. For aerobic respiration pyruvic acid enters mitochondria and then changes into acetyl CoA. But in absence of oxygen or shortage of oxygen supply, the pyruvate generated during glycolysis is reduced to lactic acid in anim ...
muscle energetics types of skeletal muscle
... Muscle Energetics Anaerobic metabolism Combined with phosphate transfer system can provide energy for short bursts of activity ...
... Muscle Energetics Anaerobic metabolism Combined with phosphate transfer system can provide energy for short bursts of activity ...
Qualitative Analysis of Biomolecules
... carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, usually along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. Proteins are biological macromolecules that ...
... carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, usually along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. Proteins are biological macromolecules that ...
06_Metabolism of lipid
... Acetyl CoA carboxylase is switched off by phosphorylation and activated by dephosphorylation Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase ...
... Acetyl CoA carboxylase is switched off by phosphorylation and activated by dephosphorylation Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
... osmolarity of the cytosol, and they are unsolvated. (In storage polysaccharides, by contrast, water of solvation can account for two-thirds of the overall weight of the stored molecules.) And because of their relative chemical inertness, triacylglycerols can be stored in large quantity in cells with ...
... osmolarity of the cytosol, and they are unsolvated. (In storage polysaccharides, by contrast, water of solvation can account for two-thirds of the overall weight of the stored molecules.) And because of their relative chemical inertness, triacylglycerols can be stored in large quantity in cells with ...
BioChem pg 635 to 641 ch 34 [4-20
... IV Synthesis of Bile Salts A. Conversion of cholesterol to Cholic Acid and Chenocholic Acid Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol Rxns hydroxylate the steroid nucleus and cleave side chain In the first and rate-limiting reaction ...
... IV Synthesis of Bile Salts A. Conversion of cholesterol to Cholic Acid and Chenocholic Acid Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol Rxns hydroxylate the steroid nucleus and cleave side chain In the first and rate-limiting reaction ...
Chapter 1 - TamAPChemistryHart
... that all of the dissolved CO2 is in the form of carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is produced by reaction between the CO2 and H2O: CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) What is the pH of a 0.0037 M solution of H2CO3? ...
... that all of the dissolved CO2 is in the form of carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is produced by reaction between the CO2 and H2O: CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) What is the pH of a 0.0037 M solution of H2CO3? ...
6.8-6.10 Citric acid cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation
... • Pyruvate does not enter the citric acid cycle, but undergoes some chemical grooming in which – a carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2, – the two-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH, – coenzyme A joins with the two-carbon group to form acetyl ...
... • Pyruvate does not enter the citric acid cycle, but undergoes some chemical grooming in which – a carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2, – the two-carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH, – coenzyme A joins with the two-carbon group to form acetyl ...
Microdiesel: Escherichia coli engineered for fuel
... the corresponding fatty acid impurities (data not shown). Batch fermentations of E. coli TOP10(pBBR1MCS-2 : : atfA+pLOI297) for FAEE production The shake-flask experiments under aerobic conditions described above clearly proved the concept that FAEE biosynthesis is feasible in recombinant E. coli. O ...
... the corresponding fatty acid impurities (data not shown). Batch fermentations of E. coli TOP10(pBBR1MCS-2 : : atfA+pLOI297) for FAEE production The shake-flask experiments under aerobic conditions described above clearly proved the concept that FAEE biosynthesis is feasible in recombinant E. coli. O ...
Chapter 1 – Title of Chapter
... of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound. electron transport chain: the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP; also called the respiratory chain. enzymes: proteins ...
... of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound. electron transport chain: the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP; also called the respiratory chain. enzymes: proteins ...
1 Pyruvate and acetate metabolism (The citric acid cycle) I. Pyruvate
... 2. Isocitrate ----> succinate ----> oxaloacetate - V&V p. 552-3 Once the OH is on a C with an H, oxidation takes place, resulting in the formation of NADH and an intermediate called oxalosuccinate. With the carbonyl appropriately positioned to weaken the adjacent C-C bond, decarboxylation occurs and ...
... 2. Isocitrate ----> succinate ----> oxaloacetate - V&V p. 552-3 Once the OH is on a C with an H, oxidation takes place, resulting in the formation of NADH and an intermediate called oxalosuccinate. With the carbonyl appropriately positioned to weaken the adjacent C-C bond, decarboxylation occurs and ...
Chapter 5 - Trimble County Schools
... • Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds ...
... • Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds ...
Chapter 8 Lecture Notes - Science Learning Center
... Cell Respiration The overall reaction for cell respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (this reaction is the reverse of photosynthesis) There are three stages to cell respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... Cell Respiration The overall reaction for cell respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (this reaction is the reverse of photosynthesis) There are three stages to cell respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Amino Acids and Peptides-chap 3
... Grant as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration (CB-15-162-06-60). NCC is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the following basis: against any individual in the United States, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national or ...
... Grant as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration (CB-15-162-06-60). NCC is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the following basis: against any individual in the United States, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national or ...
Lecture 08 Notes
... 4. Five chemical steps – disassembles one two-‐carbon acetyl CoA into two CO2 molecules, while reducing one FAD molecule and three NAD+ molecules 5. Each step involves a separate enzyme 6. Net energy produc ...
... 4. Five chemical steps – disassembles one two-‐carbon acetyl CoA into two CO2 molecules, while reducing one FAD molecule and three NAD+ molecules 5. Each step involves a separate enzyme 6. Net energy produc ...
biochemistry-n-6-protein-metabolism
... Initial deamination of aminoacids produces carbon skeletons of amino acids. The carbon skeletons of twenty aminoacids are converted to seven compounds. These seven compounds are ultimately used for the formation of carbohydrates or fat like substances (Fig. 12.8). Depending on the cell needs they ma ...
... Initial deamination of aminoacids produces carbon skeletons of amino acids. The carbon skeletons of twenty aminoacids are converted to seven compounds. These seven compounds are ultimately used for the formation of carbohydrates or fat like substances (Fig. 12.8). Depending on the cell needs they ma ...
Overview of Metabolism - Chapter 4 - Formatted
... metabolism. Every cell in a living organism works like an industrial organization. It is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, constantly taking in substances from its external environment, processing them, synthesizing its own requirements, degrading what is old or harmful, and sending out what it may ...
... metabolism. Every cell in a living organism works like an industrial organization. It is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, constantly taking in substances from its external environment, processing them, synthesizing its own requirements, degrading what is old or harmful, and sending out what it may ...
Effect of Zinc on Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and
... 1966; Gupta & Venkitasubramanian, 1975;Maggon, Gopal & Venkitasubramanian, 1g73), but the mechanism of this stimulatory action is not understood at present. The effect of zinc on the metabolism of A. pdrdsiticus has not been reported. It has been shown that soybean is a poor substrate for aflatoxin ...
... 1966; Gupta & Venkitasubramanian, 1975;Maggon, Gopal & Venkitasubramanian, 1g73), but the mechanism of this stimulatory action is not understood at present. The effect of zinc on the metabolism of A. pdrdsiticus has not been reported. It has been shown that soybean is a poor substrate for aflatoxin ...
Gluconeogenesis: Objectives
... a. How can glucose be synthesized from lactate (i.e. gluconeogenesis)? i. Lactate is converted to Pyruvate, followed by a series of reverse glycolytic steps to get to Glucose. An endorgonic, regulated process. b. Where (in which organs) does gluconeogenesis take place? i. Gluconeogenesis occurs main ...
... a. How can glucose be synthesized from lactate (i.e. gluconeogenesis)? i. Lactate is converted to Pyruvate, followed by a series of reverse glycolytic steps to get to Glucose. An endorgonic, regulated process. b. Where (in which organs) does gluconeogenesis take place? i. Gluconeogenesis occurs main ...
PPT File
... occur in a vast range of sizes Many small peptides exert effects at very low concentrations: ...
... occur in a vast range of sizes Many small peptides exert effects at very low concentrations: ...
Chapter 25
... cofactor of nitrate reductase. The molybdenum-free version of this compound is a pterin derivative called molybdopterin. (b) Siroheme, a uroporphyrin derivative, is a member of the isobacteriochlorin class of hemes, a group of porphyrins in which adjacent pyrrole rings are reduced. Siroheme is novel ...
... cofactor of nitrate reductase. The molybdenum-free version of this compound is a pterin derivative called molybdopterin. (b) Siroheme, a uroporphyrin derivative, is a member of the isobacteriochlorin class of hemes, a group of porphyrins in which adjacent pyrrole rings are reduced. Siroheme is novel ...
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an important part of the lipogenesis process, which – together with glycolysis – functions to create fats from blood sugar in living organisms.