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Research Associate, Dept
Research Associate, Dept

... of C. parvum is fermentative, and its glycolysis resembles that of coccidia and other microaerophilic protists. C. parvum relies primarily upon the transport of monosaccharides, amino acids, and purine or pyrimidine nucleotides from the host intestine. In contrast to the coccidia, C. parvum appears ...
Exploring Chemistry Using SMT - Theoretical Biochemistry Group
Exploring Chemistry Using SMT - Theoretical Biochemistry Group

... their chemical synthesis from simpler precursor compounds. Therefore total synthesis of natural products is one of the fundamental challenges of organic chemistry. Chemical synthesis involves multistep synthetic sequences of elementary reactions. An elementary reaction transforms a set of chemical c ...
ch_25_lecture_presentation
ch_25_lecture_presentation

... © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
THE EVOLUTION OF ACETYL-CoA SYNTHASE 1
THE EVOLUTION OF ACETYL-CoA SYNTHASE 1

... two types of ACS enzymes, depending on whether cells are grown autotrophically or heterotrophically (Schauder et al., 1989). ACS enzymes in sulfate-reducing bacteria are not well characterized. The anaerobic Ni-requiring homoacetogenic bacterium C. thermoaceticum catabolizes glucose, forming three a ...
Novel regulatory roles of omega-3 fatty acids in metabolic pathways
Novel regulatory roles of omega-3 fatty acids in metabolic pathways

... adenosine kinase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. On the other hand, diets high in n-3 PUFA increased the expression of apolipoprotein A-I, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, ketohexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, GTP-specific succinyl CoA synthase, ornithine aminotransferase and ...
Protein Structure Prediction Based on Neural Networks
Protein Structure Prediction Based on Neural Networks

... and knowledge of a protein’s 3D structure improves the analysis of protein functions, particularly for drug design [2]. Being aware of the 3D structure of a protein enables pharmacologists to select a binding protein to moderate its functions. Pharmacologists may choose a drug which is easy to synt ...
The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous
The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous

... conparison between species because the proportional division of the codon table into the two categories may differ; e.g., Ikemura (1) identified 21 optimal codons for 14 amino acids in E.coll. and 19 optimal codons for 13 amino acids in yeast. Gribskov et al. (10) have recently proposed another inde ...
Laboratory Evolution of Cytochrome P450 BM-3 Monooxygenase for Organic Cosolvents
Laboratory Evolution of Cytochrome P450 BM-3 Monooxygenase for Organic Cosolvents

... To increase the utility of P450 BM-3 as an oxidative biocatalyst, we have used methods of directed evolution (Chen and Arnold, 1993) to create variants that can operate efficiently in aqueous solutions containing an organic cosolvent. We have discovered mutations that significantly improve the activ ...
1 Glucose: evolution`s favorite flavor… In any metabolism course
1 Glucose: evolution`s favorite flavor… In any metabolism course

... a universal participant in much metabolism, and connected in some way or another with nearly all metabolism (* another thing you will hear a lot in metabolism are very reliable rules of thumb that are not always entirely true. This is not because your professors are lacking in informational integrit ...
File
File

... greater its entropy. We can now state the second law of thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Although order can increase locally, there is an unstoppable trend toward randomization of the universe as a whole. In many cases, increased entropy ...


... coagulating enzyme, plasmin, the starter bacteria, and the non-starter microflora are the main proteolytic agents involved in cheese ripening. Proteins are partially hydrolyzed by rennet and other native microbial enzymes to produce lower-molecular-weight compounds and are further broken down by pep ...
Problem-Set Solutions
Problem-Set Solutions

... glycolytic pathway. Glycogenolysis in muscle and brain cells produces glucose 6-phosphate, which can enter the glycolytic pathway as the first intermediate in that pathway. Since brain and muscle cells do not produce glucose, these cells can use glycogen for energy production only. 24.64 It enters a ...
Lecture 3
Lecture 3

... • Each NADH produces 3 ATP when oxidized in mitochondria • Each Pyruvate produces 15 ATP when oxidized ...
structure-sheets-text
structure-sheets-text

... Loops and turns connect α-helices and β strands and allow the polypeptide chain to fold back on itself, producing the compact 3D shape seen in native structures; ...
1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 – Introduction Proteins are
1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 – Introduction Proteins are

... energy transfer from one fluorophore to another result in spectral emissions at specific wavelengths that can be monitored in real time to study inter- and intramolecular interactions of biological molecules. Amino acids that contain fluorescent side chains have been designed to provide signature sp ...
Denaturation of hemoglobin in the presence of tannic acid
Denaturation of hemoglobin in the presence of tannic acid

... pentagalloylglucose core esterified at all functional hydroxyl groups with gallic acid molecules (see Scheme) [4]. TA belongs to the class of hydrolysable tannins and is found in numerous plants and foods. It generally can be extracted from grape seeds. TA is known as an effective antioxidant, antim ...
The world of proteases Diversity and function
The world of proteases Diversity and function

... Protease activity can be measured in many ways using different substrates and different reaction conditions There is not one correct way to measure protease activity An activity number is always dependent on the exact assay conditions Therefore, activity units/protease assays cannot be used to evalu ...
ENZYMES
ENZYMES

... The enzymatic catalysis of reactions is essential to living systems. Under biologically relevant conditions, uncatalyzed reactions tend to be slow—most biological molecules are quite stable in the neutral-pH, mildtemperature, aqueous environment inside cells. Furthermore, many common reactions in bi ...
ANAPHYLAXIS IN CHOPPED GUINEA PIG LUNG II
ANAPHYLAXIS IN CHOPPED GUINEA PIG LUNG II

Escherichia coli ATP Synthase
Escherichia coli ATP Synthase

... Here we describe the role of charged amino acids at the catalytic sites of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. There are four positively charged and four negatively charged residues in the vicinity of of E. coli ATP synthase catalytic sites. Positive charges are contributed by three arginine and one lysi ...
Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Poly-p
Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Poly-p

... oxaloacetate-dependent cleavage of acetyl-CoA to CoASH. Formation of CoASH was measured at 412nm by the appearance of thiol groups using Ellman's (1959)reagent. A cuvette contained, in a total volume of I m1: I M-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.8, containing 0.39 mg 5,~'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) ml-l, I ...
Enzymes - دانشکده پزشکی
Enzymes - دانشکده پزشکی

... Some important characteristics of enzymes -Potent (high catalytic power) High reaction rates They increase the rate of reaction by a factor of 103-1012 -Efficient (high efficiency) catalytic efficiency is represented by Turnover number: moles of substrate converted to product per second per mole o ...
updated ppt slides - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
updated ppt slides - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry

... – X-ray crystallography: Electron density map allows for positioning of protein atoms, revealing structure ...
Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA
Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA

... Moreover, the frequency distribution of pairwise sequence difference counts for all haplogroup L mtDNAs revealed a broad and ragged distribution (Fig. 4). All of these results are consistent with the African mtDNA population having been relatively stable for a long time. By contrast, the non-African ...


... same as the pKa value of your acidic residue. For partial credit, show your work on the back of the previous page, write your answer in the space to the right (4 pts): The charges on the end of the peptide cancel each other. The acidic side chain will be 50% protonated, so the average charge is -0.5 ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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