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E. coli
E. coli

...  The property that distinguishes these two groups is the presence of the EPEC adherence factor plasmid (pEAF), which is only found in tEPEC  aEPEC strains are emerging enteropathogens that have been detected worldwide  The large variety of serotypes and genetic virulence properties of aEPEC strai ...
Autocatalytic Sets in E. coli Metabolism
Autocatalytic Sets in E. coli Metabolism

... reactions within the set of catalyzed reactions. Moreover, by grouping these reactions with the same generic catalyst (Protein or RNA), we are simplifying the network’s catalyst space without losing biological information. iv) Reactions for which the E. coli enzyme is unknown were assigned to anothe ...
Zaenab Aljassim thesis-6_1
Zaenab Aljassim thesis-6_1

... Figure 4. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene fragment using purified genomic DNA of the streptomyces clinical isolates. ................................................................................ 29 Figure 5. Colony morphology of S. albus on YM agar. ........................................ ...
Physicochemical aspects of ion relations and pH
Physicochemical aspects of ion relations and pH

Reducing Rice Seed Storage Protein Accumulation Leads to
Reducing Rice Seed Storage Protein Accumulation Leads to

... Furthermore, not only α-, but also β- and γ- zeins are important for the vitreous kernel phenotype. Compositional changes in amino acid composition by reducing β-, γ- and δ-zeins were not examined. We have generated transgenic rice plants in which different SSP genes were suppressed (our unpublished ...
Biochemical Screening of Pyrimidine
Biochemical Screening of Pyrimidine

... respiratory enzymes. The agents found active against this system were then tested against a more specific system with a glycolytic energy source. The differential screening systems show clearly which agents are active against orotic acid metabolism per se and which are active against oxidative phosp ...
Intraplastidic Localization of the Enzymesthat Convert Cucumber
Intraplastidic Localization of the Enzymesthat Convert Cucumber

... basis, exhibited 13.68% triose phosphate dehydrogenase activity, a plastid marker, in comparison to purified etiochloroplasts ([6.1/44.6]100 = 13.68%). This, in turn, suggested that the ALA to Proto biosynthetic activity exhibited by the washed crude mitochondria was due to etiochloroplast contamina ...
Functional Anatomy of the Liver
Functional Anatomy of the Liver

... a) secretion of ORGANIC compounds drives the independent flow (example: High [glutathione] in bile generates a potent osmotic driving force for canalicular flow) 2) bile acid dependent: rising component that changes linearly with bile acid secretion a) micellar form of bile acids are predominant osm ...
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Divisió de Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques Facultat de Biologia
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Divisió de Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques Facultat de Biologia

... accrue more protein —in addition to much more fat— than control reference diet-fed animals (Esteve et al., 1992), and it has been generally assumed that this is may be due in part to the higher biological value of the protein of some components of the cafeteria diets. This study has been developed a ...
Trophic discrimination of nitrogen stable isotopes in
Trophic discrimination of nitrogen stable isotopes in

... twelve individual AAs were analyzed with the previously described method, accounting for approximately 80% of the total hydrolysable AAs. Reconstructed bulk isotope values from mass balanced individual AA d15N values correlated well with bulk SIA values (r2 5 0.97). We classified measured AAs into t ...
Fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, muscle and liver in health
Fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, muscle and liver in health

... and potent. However, the increased rate of lipolysis seen upon stimulation of fat cells with ␤-adrenergic agents is far greater than would be predicted from the increase in activity of HSL in vitro. It is now clear that phosphorylation of HSL is accompanied by phosphorylation of a protein, perilipin ...
Fulltext - Jultika
Fulltext - Jultika

... A data base search using the amino acid sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Etr1p, the last enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II (FAS II), revealed a highly similar human protein, NRBF-1. Expression of NRBF-1 in a yeast etr1? strain rescued its respiratory deficiency. NRBF-1 resides ...
questions for self-preparation GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
questions for self-preparation GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF

... Strains of S. cerevisiae are subdivided into races of local and riding fermentation. To races of local fermentation relate wine and beer yeast, to races of the riding – spirit, baking. Yeast of local fermentation function at manufacturing at 6-10 ºС, riding – at 14-25 ºС. At the end of fermentation ...
Acid Base Balance
Acid Base Balance

...  Labs: hypokalemia, hypochloremia; acidic urine  ABG: pH: 7.5; PaCO2: 48; HCO3-: 36mEq/l  Dx: metabolic alkalosis, respiratory compensation; this is “contraction alkalosis” or hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, caused by loss of GI fluids & sustained by hypovolemia ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

... removal of two hydrogen atoms from the a- and b-carbons to give a trans a,bunsaturated acyl CoA (trans-D2-enoyl-CoA) as the product. •The pro-R hydrogen on the b-carbon is then transferred as a hydride equivalent to FAD to give the trans double bond and enzyme-bound FADH2. ...
Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC
Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC

... It has also been suggested that E. huxleyi operates distinctive metabolic pathways in order to achieve efficient use of the essential micronutrient selenium [14–16]. GC-MS based metabolite profiling would be a useful tool to uncover the primary metabolic network in this alga by combining the results ...
Acid Base Balance
Acid Base Balance

...  Labs: hypokalemia, hypochloremia; acidic urine  ABG: pH: 7.5; PaCO2: 48; HCO3-: 36mEq/l  Dx: metabolic alkalosis, respiratory compensation; this is “contraction alkalosis” or hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, caused by loss of GI fluids & sustained by hypovolemia ...
Energy Metabolism Review
Energy Metabolism Review

... Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... Cellular Respiration Stage 1: Glycolysis ...
Hydrothermal vents and prebiotic chemistry: a review
Hydrothermal vents and prebiotic chemistry: a review

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN INTERLEUKIN 1
AMINO ACID SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN INTERLEUKIN 1

... Progress has recently been made in defining the nucleic acid sequences of messenger RNA coding for IL-1. Lomedico, et al. (12) have published a cloned cDNA coding for P388Dl-derived murine IL-1. This nucleotide sequence was validated by the sequencing of two peptides derived by CNBr cleavage of puri ...
Microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges
Microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges

... aeration rate, shear stress, dissolved oxygen, and bioreactor type) significantly influence the microbial HA production. The pH and temperature for HA production by S. zooepidemicus were usually at 7.0 and 37°C, respectively [26,27]. The microbial HA production by S. zooepidemicus is a typically vis ...
Design of Tight-Binding Human Immunodeficiency
Design of Tight-Binding Human Immunodeficiency

... In the beginning, people become exposed to HIV mainly by unsafe sex with HIV positive person of the same sex. But the situation has changed. Transmission can occur by many ways such as unsafe sex with either sex, sharing contaminated needles during recreational drug use, transfusions with virally co ...
Molecular evolution of the hyaluronan synthase 2 gene in mammals
Molecular evolution of the hyaluronan synthase 2 gene in mammals

... Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships and corresponding HAS2 sequences of five clades containing subterranean mammals (red branches), including non-subterranean ingroup comparisons, the human and a marsupial (opossum) outgroup (black branches). The Bathyergidae are the monophyletic clade denoted by t ...
Exploring Chemistry Using SMT - Theoretical Biochemistry Group
Exploring Chemistry Using SMT - Theoretical Biochemistry Group

... their chemical synthesis from simpler precursor compounds. Therefore total synthesis of natural products is one of the fundamental challenges of organic chemistry. Chemical synthesis involves multistep synthetic sequences of elementary reactions. An elementary reaction transforms a set of chemical c ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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