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Elements Found in Living Things
Elements Found in Living Things

... The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratio ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen

... The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratio ...
26.7 LABORATORY SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES
26.7 LABORATORY SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES

... The properties of a protein depend primarily on its three-dimensional structure. The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is termed its primary structure. Its secondary structure is the shape of the backbone polypeptide chain. Remember that each amide group is planar, but the chain can h ...
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Proteins and Enzymes Assessment Statements 7.5.1 Explain the

... In competitive inhibition, a molecule, called a competitive inhibitor, competes directly for the active site of the enzyme. The result is that the substrate then has fewer encounters with the active site and the chemical reaction rate is decreased. The competitive inhibitor must have a similar struc ...
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... Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences • The “words” of the DNA “language” are triplets of bases called codons – 3 bases or nucleotides make one ...
AMİNOASİTLERİN OKSİDASYONU
AMİNOASİTLERİN OKSİDASYONU

... circulatory system and reach the liver, where it is hydrolyzed by glutaminase: Gln + H2O –> Glu + NH4+ ...
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Ch. 5 Organic Chem

... groups – Asymmetric carbon atom at center of the amino acid is called the alpha carbon – R group or side chain differs with each of the 20 different amino acids ...
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Example of the Course Test 2 10th December, 8:00, registration from

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Unit 2 Student Guided Notes Introduction Carbon is the basic

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A Guided Reading on Macromolecules
A Guided Reading on Macromolecules

... The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratio ...
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Metabolismo dos aminoácidos e proteínas. II. Anabolismo

... - Quantitative analysis of 15NH4+ in Lemna minor is consistent with incorporation of 15N primarily into glutamineamide, followed by transfer to glutamate and the amino-group of glutamine via the action of GOGAT and GS, respectively, provided that it is assumed that the GS-GOGAT cycle is compartmenti ...
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Macromolecule Packet

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Chemical Nature of the Amino Acids
Chemical Nature of the Amino Acids

... All peptides and polypeptides are polymers of alphaamino acids. There are 20 a-amino acids that are relevant to the make-up of mammalian proteins (see below). Several other amino acids are found in the body free or in combined states (i.e. not associated with peptides or proteins). These non-protein ...
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3.2.3- Changing One Nucleotide

... sickle cell disease is caused by the mutation of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence. Hemoglobin has four subunits; it is made by combining two -globin proteins with two globin proteins ( is the Greek symbol for beta, and is the symbol for alpha). All proteins are classified as either an ...
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... • Basic principles of supply & demand regulate metabolic economy – balance the supply of raw materials with the products produced – these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle – levels of AMP, ADP, ATP » regulation by final produc ...
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... • Basic principles of supply & demand regulate metabolic economy – balance the supply of raw materials with the products produced – these molecules become feedback regulators • they control enzymes at strategic points in glycolysis & Krebs cycle – levels of AMP, ADP, ATP » regulation by final produc ...
Amino acids [qualitative tests]
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... Amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan contain activated benzene rings [aromatic nucleus] which are easily nitrated to yellow colored compounds. The aromatic ring of phenyl alanine dose not react with nitric acid despite it contains a benzene ring, but it is not activated, therefore it will not react ...
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... o Arginine is synthesize in the Urea cycle o In Premature babies Urea cycle is not fully functional o Arginine may not be synthesized in amounts adequate enough to meet the requirements for both protein biosynthesis and urea cycle function; ‰ Arginine becomes an essential amino acid for Premature ba ...
RNA and Protein Synthesis - Port Washington School District
RNA and Protein Synthesis - Port Washington School District

... There are 64 ways you can combine the four Nitrogenous bases in sets of 3 – AAA, GCC, ATA, ATC, GTA etc. – Sometimes more than one codon can code for the same amino acid • Ex: AAA and AAG both code for phenylalanine ...
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R–groups

... e. disulfide bridges― covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids with sulfhydryl groups are brought close enough together by the folding of the protein D. Quaternary Structure― when two or more polypeptide chains are joined together by bonds or interactions of their R–groups. Same as a–e above. ...
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Monomers are the

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Protein Synthesis Notes

... III. How a protein is made: Protein Synthesis A. Why are proteins made and what does this have to do with genetics? 1. DNA holds the information to make proteins 2. A “gene” is a segment of DNA that codes for 1 protein B. DNA holds the recipes for making proteins. It uses RNA (the “chefs”) to send t ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University

... pathway – Base synthesized while attached to ribose – IMP is common intermediate for AMP and GMP, but itself is not a typical nucleotide ...
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Protein Synthesis: Transcription

< 1 ... 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 ... 622 >

Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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