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carbonmacromolintro_price
carbonmacromolintro_price

... • Polymers consist of long chains of repeating units that are either the same or similar to each other (monomers) • The individual units are called monomers • Only 50 common monomers make up the thousands of macromolecules responsible for life • Polymers are distinguished by the different structure ...
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... lactase – which breaks down the sugar lactose in the small intestine salivary amylase – which breaks down polysaccharides in the mouth. Almost all the chemical reactions occurring in living creatures are controlled by enzymes. Enzymes speed up the reactions that are essential for life processes by a ...
Chapter 12 Pathways to biomolecules
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... lactase – which breaks down the sugar lactose in the small intestine salivary amylase – which breaks down polysaccharides in the mouth. Almost all the chemical reactions occurring in living creatures are controlled by enzymes. Enzymes speed up the reactions that are essential for life processes by a ...
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... Many organisms can make all 20 of the amino acids o Bacteria, yeast, and plants Some amino acids are made from common metabolic intermediates directly o For example, alanine is made from pyruvate (transamination of pyruvate with glutamate as the amino donor) Some amino acids are made as products fro ...
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L10v01a_intro_to_metabolism.stamped_doc

... in order to produce these molecules in these relative amounts for cell growth. That it works as well as it does this rather amazing, and it really heralds the future in terms of how computational approaches can really be predictive in biological experiments. [00:05:10.09] As we mentioned, as we're o ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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