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Chapter 18
Chapter 18

... conversion of X to Z. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle is an example of a cyclic pathway. ...
C h e m g u id e   –... DNA:  PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
C h e m g u id e –... DNA: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

... carrying a glycine attaches to the chain next door to the molecule carrying the methionine. Its anticodon will be CCA. The ribosome now moves along the chain to the next codon – GUA. At the same time a peptide bond is formed between the methionine and the glycine, and the methionine breaks away from ...
lab.2 Precipitation of Proteins at isoelectric Point
lab.2 Precipitation of Proteins at isoelectric Point

... of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues on the protein’s surface. Proteins that have high hydrophobic amino acid content on the surface have low solubility in an aqueous solvent. • Hydrophilic amino acid like (Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Glutamine, Glutamate, Histidine, Lysine, Serin ...
biochemistry-lect-4-n-34-amino-acid-and-peptides
biochemistry-lect-4-n-34-amino-acid-and-peptides

... isoleucine (IL), leucine (L), phenyl alanine (P), histidine (H) and Lysine (L). Together they are remembered as (MATTVILLPHLY). Sometimes histidine and arginine are referred as semi-essential because body synthesizes these amino acids to some extent. Lack of essential amino acids in the diet gives r ...
8-30-16 Macomolecule Foldable Instructions
8-30-16 Macomolecule Foldable Instructions

... whether the pathway you chose would generally involve endergonic (requires energy) or exergonic (releases energy) reactions. 4. Define the term HYDROLYSIS. Identify whether this type of reaction would be involved in an anabolic (building something) or catabolic (breaking something down) pathway. The ...
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... hydrolysis. Hydrolysis occurs during digestion. ...
Power Point 1 - G. Holmes Braddock
Power Point 1 - G. Holmes Braddock

... enzymes for enzyme - substrate complexes through binding at the active site of the enzyme. Then enzyme - product complexes are formed before the product is released. The enzyme is not consumed during these reactions and that is one of the properties of a catalyst. These complexes bring substrates in ...
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... between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. ...
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... – The substrate forces its way into the enzyme – This makes for a tighter fit – The orientation of the substrate molecules in the ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX helps speed up the chemical reaction by  adding stress to bonds more easily  bringing reactive sites physically closer together ...
Chem 371-001 - Loyola University Chicago
Chem 371-001 - Loyola University Chicago

... be dropped. Alternately, the final can be scaled back to 100 while keep the first three scores in your total score. Either way the highest possible total will be 400. The letter grade will be determined by strictly and precisely using the following scale: Grading Sale: A AB+ B BC+ C CD+ D F ...
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Introductory Biology Primer
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... • Proteins are long strings of amino acids joined by peptide bonds • Translation from RNA sequence to amino acid sequence performed by ribosomes • 20 amino acids  3 RNA letters required to specify a single amino acid ...
Table S1. - BioMed Central
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... Key enzyme of the glycolysis; PFK-1 is inhibited by ATP and citrate (from the citric acid cycle) [127]. Executes the final step of aerobic glycolysis, favors the conversion of pyruvate to lactate; target of new antineoplastic pharmacologic agents ...
Vitamin В 1
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... -synthesis of methionine from homocysteine -synthesis of creatin, cholin -synthesis of phospholipids -synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleic acids Symptoms: -hyperchromic megaloblastic anemia (malignant, pernicious, Addison-Birmer disease) -fatty dystrophy of nervous cells, neurological d ...
BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE Fatty acids are synthesized by an
BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE Fatty acids are synthesized by an

... and acetyl-CoA to fat, assisting the anabolic phase of this feeding cycle. The nutritional state of the organism is the main factor regulating the rate of lipogenesis. Thus, the rate is high in the well-fed animal whose diet contains a high proportion of carbohydrate. It is depressed under conditio ...
Organic Compounds
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Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of
Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of

... determination of amino acids.4–26 Mostly, the methods were based on the technology developed by Moore and Stein,4 which includes post-column derivatisation and detection in the visible region on an amino acid analyser. These analyses are reliable, but costly and time-consuming.9 The HPLC technique, ...
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Topic 1: Introduction 1. Know the
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Topic 1: Introduction 1. Know the

... 3. Review terms used to name functional groups as attachments i.e., hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, acyl, acetyl, aryl, carbonyl, amino, ammonium, phosphate, phosphoryl. 4. Review bond types made by condensing 2 functionalities i.e., ester, thio ester, amide, ...
Lecture 4: Digestion and Nutrient Metabolism
Lecture 4: Digestion and Nutrient Metabolism

...  The entire oxidation of glucose utilizes two mechanisms: glycolysis and TCA cycle  glycolysis takes place in cytosol, TCA or citric acid cycle) in the mitochondria  TCA cycle utilizes a variety of substrates (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, keto acids) for energy gain  each turn on the TCA cycl ...
Biology - secondary
Biology - secondary

... • What anticodon would line up with the codon UAC? (114) • In DNA what base pairs with cytosine (113) • What do transfer DNA transfer? (114) • What type of RNA has codons? (113) • What type has anti codons? 114 • What kind has neither? 114 • What do stop codons code for? 116 ...
HUMAN NUTRITION
HUMAN NUTRITION

... are complete proteins Proteins derived from plants are usually incomplete, deficient in one or more essential amino acids ...
Alpha/Beta structures
Alpha/Beta structures

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... • Lung surfactant • Hormone second messengers • Platelet-activating factor • cell adhesion and cell recognition • as receptors for bacterial toxins • ABO blood group substances • Glycolipid storage diseases ...
Biology: Exploring Life Resource Pro
Biology: Exploring Life Resource Pro

... Concept 5.4 Proteins perform most functions in cells. (pp. 100–102) A protein is a polymer made from a set of 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids. An amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side group. The side group is different fo ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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