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8.07 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis And Oxidation
8.07 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis And Oxidation

... family have at least one catalytically essential cysteine that becomes covalently modified during the reaction. This cysteine is in the N-terminal domain and lies at the N-terminus of an -helix (Figures 2(b)–2(d)), whereas all other catalytic residues are normally contained within the C-terminal do ...
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... Cellulose, as apposing strands are held together by H-bonds of the protruding hydroxyl at carbon 6. Such H-bonds are not possible for polyfucose as there is no hydroxyl on carbon 6. If you did not remember the protruding C6 hydroxyl’s role in particular, the same conclusion could be reached based on ...
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Topic 3 The chemistry of life

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... acids and proteins. Prepare a set of 1% reference solutions containing amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and proteins, such as albumin and gelatin. Add 2 mL of ninhydrin solution to 1 mL of each reference sample in a test tube, and heat the solutions at 75–80 °C for 3–5 m ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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