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Cyclooxygenase (depicted above) inhibited by Salicylic Acid
Cyclooxygenase (depicted above) inhibited by Salicylic Acid

... Sodium Bicarbonate unknown that it is “organic” in the sense of containing the element carbon. • In 1846 two New York bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory using Leblanc’s method. ...
Oxyntomodulin - Pacific Biomarkers
Oxyntomodulin - Pacific Biomarkers

... The structure of oxyntomodulin was elucidated in 1981. It is a 37 amino acid peptide that contains the 29 amino acid sequence of glucagon followed by an eight amino acid carboxyterminal extension. Many of the functions of oxyntomodulin have been worked out in rodents. It inhibits postprandial gastri ...
concept mapping challenge - McGraw Hill Higher Education
concept mapping challenge - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... list the nucleotides that are used by bacteria as second messengers explain how alternate sigma factors can be used to initiate transcription of distinct sets of operons summarize how CAP, cAMP, and the lac repressor work together to cause diauxic growth as well as other outcomes related to regulati ...
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Lecture 8

... The histidine above the porphyrin ring (on the same side of the ring as where oxygen binds) This off-centered binding forces any other molecule that would bind to the Fe (II) to bind less optimally •Carbon monoxide is a good example •It also allows oxygen to dissociate formt he iron •If the binding ...
11/8/09 Chapter 3 Biochemistry Section 1 Carbon Compounds
11/8/09 Chapter 3 Biochemistry Section 1 Carbon Compounds

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Unit 2 Biochemistry Chp 5 Macromolecules Notes

... Three of the four classes of macromolecules—carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids—form chain-like molecules called polymers. ○ A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. ○ The repeated units are small molecules called monomers. ...
Macromolecules
Macromolecules

... Three of the four classes of macromolecules—carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids—form chain-like molecules called polymers. ○ A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. ○ The repeated units are small molecules called monomers. ...
Carbon and Biological Molecules Functional Groups Functional
Carbon and Biological Molecules Functional Groups Functional

... • Carbon plays a central role in biological molecules • Carbon has 4 valence electrons, readily forms covalent bonds • Carbon atoms join to form chains, branches, rings, etc. • Carbon can form double or triple bonds with other atoms ...
CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
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Lecture 12: Enzymes of Metabolism: An Introduction Reference
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BIOL 1322 - Victoria College
BIOL 1322 - Victoria College

... energy? Describe marasmus and kwashiorkor. How can the two conditions be distinguished, and in what ways do they overlap? ...
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Lecture 20

... 3. Couple the transfer of the phosphate to ADP to form ATP. Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate with the concomitant generation of f ...
Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes
Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes

... of their side-chains. 2.  Given the table of twenty common amino acids (Table 1.1), determine the total charge of the dominant form of an amino acid (at physiological pH, at pH < 2, and at pH > 11). 3.  Understand the three-dimensional information contained in the Fischer projection of an amino acid ...
GI Digest - Douglas Labs
GI Digest - Douglas Labs

... by pepsin and hydrochloric acid, which denature and break large proteins down to smaller polypeptides. In the small intestine, proteases break down these polypeptides into free amino acids, and di- and tripeptides, which are directly absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. Some individuals require enzyme ...
Soyfoods and high quality protein
Soyfoods and high quality protein

... Protein is an important nutrient needed for the growth and repair of all body cells including organs, muscles, tissues, skin and hair. It’s also required for hormones, enzymes and bodily fluids such as blood. All proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of p ...
RESEARCH NOTES Creaser, E.H.
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... dehydrogenase unknown ...
Peptide bonds, polypeptides and proteins printable pdf
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... Water, polypeptide synthesis and folding: Were it not for the presence of hydrophobic R-groups, all polypeptides would assume an extended configuration in water. H-bond donors and acceptor groups in polypeptide backbone would form Hbonds with each other and with water molecules. More typical polypep ...
Micro 260 Fall 2009 Name: ___ Allan Keys ____ Tools: You may
Micro 260 Fall 2009 Name: ___ Allan Keys ____ Tools: You may

... 11 c) Amphiobolic reactions are metabolic reactions that can proceed toward catabolism or toward anabolic depending on the needs of the cell (1 pt) ...
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This exam has 8 pages, including this one.

... A DPLQRDFLGKDVWKHDPLQRJURXSSODFHGDWWKH  position of the carboxylic acid instead of the normal α-position. The structure of a peptide containing βamino acids is shown on the right. The αDQG FDUERQVDUHODEHOHG$VDFRQVHTXHQFHWKHUHDUHWKUHH freely rotatable single bonds associated ...
Lecture 3 - Winthrop Chemistry, Physics, and Geology
Lecture 3 - Winthrop Chemistry, Physics, and Geology

... •Initially, it is thought that only NH3, H2S, CO, CO2, CH4, N2, H2 and H2O were present on the early Earth •However, the planet was volcanically active (heat and pressure) and there was significant electrical activity in the atmosphere ...
Chemical Elements and water
Chemical Elements and water

... Amino acids can be divided into two types according to the chemical characteristics of their R-group  Polar amino acids have hydrophilic R groups (proteins are able to dissolve in water)  Non-polar amino acids have hydrophobic R groups (proteins are less soluble in water) The distribution of polar ...
Molecular cloning and computational characterization of thymidylate
Molecular cloning and computational characterization of thymidylate

... interaction of amino acid of WSSV TS. Extinction coefficients are in units of M‐1 cm‐1, at 280 nm measured in water. The initial value was assumed 44,140 by all pairs of Cys residues whereas 43890 assuming all Cys residues are reduced in another calculated by ProtParam shown that all cystine residue ...
Protein Basics
Protein Basics

... (atoms in the polypeptide come closer than the sum of their van der Waals radii) • Red = sterically allowed regions (namely right-handed alpha helix and beta sheet) • Yellow = sterically allowed if shorter radii are used (i.e. atoms allowed closer together; brings out left-handed helix) ...
235 KB 3rd Aug 2015 Hemp Protein
235 KB 3rd Aug 2015 Hemp Protein

Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... (back into CO2 and water) to make even more ATP Aerobic Cellular Respiration – series of reactions, occurring under aerobic conditions, in which large amounts of ATP are produced – pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water – oxygen serves as final electron acceptor – each step catalyzed ...
< 1 ... 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 ... 622 >

Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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