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coupling membrane
coupling membrane

... 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) 5) the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate using energy released during electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation) There is also transamination of amino-acids to produce acetyl c ...
1811_LOL SurePro Bro3
1811_LOL SurePro Bro3

Macromolecule
Macromolecule

... AP Biology  Notes Macromolecule  Biological macromolecules:  Organic molecules that weigh more than 100,000  Dalton's. (1 Dalton 1.66 x 10 ­26  g)  Four main macromolecules:  These macromolecules are constructed of smaller units called polymers.  These  polymers are subdivided into their basic units ...
nature of polyethyleneimine-glucose oxidase interactions
nature of polyethyleneimine-glucose oxidase interactions

... grid box, step by step. The docking parameter files were completed by using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm [10]. Molecular Dynamics Method A Molecular Dynamics (MD) procedure was applied to a complex enzyme–ligand [11]. The structure of ligand and enzyme was characterized by using the Amber force ...
Case Study #1 Use of bioinformatics in drug development
Case Study #1 Use of bioinformatics in drug development

... Screen recombinant target with available inhibitors Identify lead compounds ...
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... Conditions for Michaelis -Menten Two assumptions must be met for the MichaelisMenten equation • Steady state - the enzyme substrate complex ES is at a constant value. That is the ES is formed as fast as the enzyme releases the product. For this to happen the concentration of substrate has to be muc ...
B vitamins
B vitamins

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Enzymatic
Enzymatic

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03. Metabolism of lipids
03. Metabolism of lipids

... products, calcium and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery. It usually affects large and medium-sized arteries. • Plaques can grow large enough to significantly reduce the blood's flow through an artery. But most of the damage occurs when they become fragile and rupture. Plaque ...
幻灯片 1
幻灯片 1

... of triacylglycerols. Pancreatic phospholipases secreted into the intestine catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which aggregate in micelles. The major phospholipase in the pancreatic secretion is phospholipase A2, which catalyzes hydrolysis of the ester bond at C-2 of a glycerophospholipid to f ...
Determination of the DNA and Amino Acid Sequences of the Lactate
Determination of the DNA and Amino Acid Sequences of the Lactate

... Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed in a horizontal gel apparatus according to Sambrook et al. (6) following PCR. After the electrophoresis; 200 µl TE buffer (10 mM Tris HCl, 1 mM EDTA) was added to the gel slices containing the DNA, and they were incubated in a waterbath at 68ºC for 10 min. P ...
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Role of Liver In Triglyceride Homeostasis

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7. Lipidic metabolism in parasitic platyhelminthes

... The energetic metabolism and the presence or absence of fatty acid (FA) catabolism in cestodes remains unclear. Although larvae and adult forms of cestodes are likely to have at least some oxygen supply, in many species the oxygen tension in the central region may be zero. In addition to living in e ...
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Stryer An overview of the citric acid cycle

AB1132 Which are the key essential amino acids
AB1132 Which are the key essential amino acids

... than for TAA whereas concentration of glucose was higher with No-Thr. Mammary uptake of acetate was higher for No-Thr and No-Trp relative to TAA, whereas uptake of BHBA and lactate was not different among the treatments. In terms of mammary AA uptake, histidine, isoleucine, leucine and valine were l ...
Pathway Architect
Pathway Architect

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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

... essential to an understanding of human metabolism. For example, one might expect that a fasted individual would show a fall in all essential nutrient levels in the plasma pool. In many instances this is not the case initially because of the existence of storage pools, such as liver stores of iron or ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
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... 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Monomers are the individual subunits. – Smaller molecule that is a single unit in a larger. – Polymers are made of many monomers. – (macromolecules) ...
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... controlled reaction. • The higher the substrate concentration, the faster the reaction - up to a limit. • If substrate concentration is high enough, the enzyme becomes saturated with substrate. (The active sites of all enzymes molecules are engaged.) • When an enzyme is saturated, the reaction rate ...
On The Determination of Enzyme Structure, Function, and
On The Determination of Enzyme Structure, Function, and

... 1). Amino acids are either obtained from food or synthesized in cells, and polymerized according to the instructions of the genes of the organism. Enzyme molecules fold into three-dimensional structures in order to provide a suitable environment for a particular chemical reaction to occur. The struc ...
Enzymes of Clinical Significance
Enzymes of Clinical Significance

... c. No hemolysis: LD-1 activity in the RBC is 150x greater than that in plasma d. Avoid lipemia, especially for spectrophotometric analysis e. Relatively unstable: analyze within 4 hours of collection, else stable at 2-6oC for up to one week; stability increases when stored ...
Lab12
Lab12

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Quantitative parameters for amino acid–base
Quantitative parameters for amino acid–base

... acid–base. This is supported by the correspondence between the computed scores using this measure and results of binding experiments. Recently, new approaches to study sequence-specific DNA recognition have been introduced by several groups. These approaches involve screening of DNA libraries for bi ...
Exam 4
Exam 4

... number is stabilization of the product pyruvate by: a. electrostatic attraction. b. ionization. c. polarization. d. resonance. e. tautomerization. 17. . If glucose was labeled with 14C in C-1 and fed to yeast carrying out the ethanol fermentation, where would the 14C label be in the products: a. C-1 ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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