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Nucleic acid engineering
Nucleic acid engineering

Glycolysis
Glycolysis

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The Glutaric Acidurias of the Amish: A Sense of Progress 1988
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Effects of Enzyme Concentration, Temperature, pH
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... Alcalase is a commercially available enzyme preparation that has been widely used in the production of such protein hydrolysates because of its thermostability (50°C) and high optimal pH (pH8.5), which can minimize the growth of microorganisms during hydrolysis process. Produced from a selected stra ...
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids

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CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL

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CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 14

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effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral

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Close relationship between non-viral retroposons in Drosophila
Close relationship between non-viral retroposons in Drosophila

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Protein expression during exponential growth in 0.7 M NaCl medium
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effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral

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Lecture Eighteen - Personal Webspace for QMUL
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Genes & Inheritance Series: Set 3 Copyright © 2005 Version: 2.0
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Chapter 16
Chapter 16

EXPLORING PROTEIN STRUCTURE
EXPLORING PROTEIN STRUCTURE

... the proteins that you eat and digest. Every time you eat a burger (vege or beef), you break the proteins down into single amino acids ready for use in building new proteins. And yes, proteins have the job of digesting proteins, they are known as proteases. There are only 20 different amino acids but ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA), Krebs Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA), Krebs Cycle

... Regulation of Pyr. Dehydrogenase Complex Allosteric activation of kinase & Phosphatase: - Cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase ( activated)activates phosphorylated E1 ( inactive ) & inhibits dephosphorylated ( active )  inhibit Pyr DH. protein kinase allosterically activated by ATP, acetyl CoA, ...
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Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporters - Rose

... One major mechanism for the regulation of metabolic processes within eukaryotic cells is related to the fact that most processes are located in specific compartments within the cell. This means that separate pools of some important metabolites are maintained in different locations, allowing the move ...
Focus on Metabolism
Focus on Metabolism

... Glycolysis: Anaerobic Metabolism The first stage of cellular respiration takes place in the cytosol of the cell and is called glycolysis, meaning “glucose breakdown.” Because oxygen isn’t needed for this reaction, glycolysis is also called anaerobic metabolism. In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar gluc ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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