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l-Carnitine - Pure Encapsulations
l-Carnitine - Pure Encapsulations

... utilization by acting as a carrier of fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are oxidized and converted to energy. l-Carnitine also facilitates the removal of short and medium chain fatty acids from the mitochondria that accumulate during normal metabolic processes. In studies, l-carnitine ha ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. • Gaps (symbol “-”) are inserted between the residues so that residues with identical or ...
Glycolysis Quiz
Glycolysis Quiz

... 7. Enzymes involved in the oxidation reduction of a substance can not operate without NAD+. What is NAD+ known as? (a) co-enzyme (b) co-factor (c) amino acid (d) protein ...
Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth, and
Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth, and

Wellness- lesson 03- Proteins
Wellness- lesson 03- Proteins

... When invaders or antigens like allergens, viruses, toxins, and bacteria attack our bodies, we fight back with protein-made antibodies. Once an antigen is detected, protein gets to work building more antibodies that attach to the invading substance and destroy it! Although the process works well, it ...
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

... deficiency is also known as "favism," since G6PD deficient individuals are also sometimes allergic to fava beans. G6PD deficiency is an allelic abnormality which is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion ...
Chapter 5 - macromolecules
Chapter 5 - macromolecules

... © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
A unique amino acid substitution, T126I, in human
A unique amino acid substitution, T126I, in human

... with an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is one of the major causes of human death. HBV is a double-stranded DNA virus with a very compact genome of only about 3200 bp. It encodes four proteins: S, P, C and X. Some regions of the genome encode two proteins using dif ...
primary structure
primary structure

... 3.9 Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions  Phospholipids are structurally similar to fats and are an important component of all cells – For example, they are a major part of cell membranes, in which they cluster into a bilayer of phospholipids – The hydrophili ...
3 Resident, Department of Paediatrics, Krishna Institute of Medical
3 Resident, Department of Paediatrics, Krishna Institute of Medical

... includes Liver transplant. It may be an effective treatment. It will not reverse brain damage but it may arrest brain damage. However, considering dietary therapy is low risk and long term complications of liver transplant both have equally good outcome. CONCLUSION Intermittent MSUD is potentially a ...
DNA Replication
DNA Replication

... b) Transfer of the activated amino acid to its specific tRNA: In this step the amino acid residue of AA – AMP complex is transferred to a tRNA specific for that amino acid, resulting an AA – tRNA complex with liberation of AMP. AA – AMP + tRNA → AA – tRNA + AMP ...
Tutorial: Metabolic Signaling in the b-Cell
Tutorial: Metabolic Signaling in the b-Cell

... Cycle Acetyl group has 2 carbons Oxaloacetate has 4 carbons Citrate has 6 carbons As the cycle progresses, first one carbon is lost and then another Cycle ends where it began, except that 4 NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule have been made The coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that a ...
Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle - BYU
Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle - BYU

... In step 11, we learned that as high energy electrons passed down the chain of protein acceptors, energy was used to move H+ ions into the intermembranous space. This generates a proton gradient. This means that there will be a higher concentration of protons in the intermembranous space than there i ...
Simplex sigillum veri New approaches to the analysis of
Simplex sigillum veri New approaches to the analysis of

... •relative or absolute values ...
The Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and their
The Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and their

... The activities of GS, NADP-GOGAT and NADP-GDH in extracts of members of the ‘herbicola’, ‘carotovora’ and ‘amylovora’ clusters, grown with different sources of nitrogen, are shown in Table 1. NAD-GOGAT, NAD-GDH and corresponding amidotransferases and dehydrogenases (both NAD- and NADP-linked) able t ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... • Inositol is required for the synthesis of phosphatidyl Inositol which is a constituent of cell membrane. • It act as a lipotropic factor ( along with choline) and prevents the accumulation of fat in liver. ...
Chapter 2: Biochemistry Problems
Chapter 2: Biochemistry Problems

... covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen (–OH or –NH) and a “hydrogen acceptor”: a lone pair of electrons on an oxygen or nitrogen atom (O: or N:). • Hydrophobic interactions: These occur when several or many hydrophobic atoms or groups clump together to avoid contact with water. Hydrophilic group ...
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Royal Jelly
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Royal Jelly

... Important proteins form 90% of the total amount of proteins with molecular mass of 49-87 kDa proteins and attributed to a gene family. Minor proteins contained in RJ are made from proteins and peptides with different functions, including antimicrobial and antifungal properties [23]. Protein fraction ...
Cloning and expression of maize-leaf pyruvate, Pi dikinase
Cloning and expression of maize-leaf pyruvate, Pi dikinase

... relatively large number of PPDK-possessing bacterial species, in addition to rice and Arabidopsis. For ascertaining the identity of this gene as RP, we needed to show in vitro that the recombinantly produced protein had the unique catalytic properties of maize leaf RP. That is, Thr456-specific, ADP-d ...
Glycolysis I
Glycolysis I

... indulge in regeneration of glucose from more oxidized starting materials • This process carries an energetic penalty; energy must be spent to bypass the three reactions of glycolysis that are irreversible. ...


... ii) Indicate the peptide bond (1 pt) iii) circle the mainchain atoms (1 pt) iv) indicate one hydrogen bond donating group on the mainchain atoms with the square box (2 pts) v) estimate the net charge on your peptide, assuming that the pH is the q ...
Modular Architecture of Metabolic Pathways Revealed by
Modular Architecture of Metabolic Pathways Revealed by

... Metabolism is the most basic aspect of life. It represents a chemical system generating all necessary chemical substances in living cells through chemical reactions. It also represents a genetic system in the sense that chemical reactions are catalyzed by genome-encoded enzymes. The dual aspect of m ...
poster - Computer Science and Engineering
poster - Computer Science and Engineering

... Phospho.ELM Data Set – a resource containing 1805 proteins from different species covering 1372 Tyr, 3175 Ser and 767 Thr experimentally verified phosphorylation sites manually curated from the literature. We constructed separate data sets for kinase families that are well represented in terms of th ...
handout
handout

... AUG start codon. 2. Next, the tRNA and small sub-unit complex bind to translation initiation factors and attach to the 5’ cap of the mature mRNA. 3. Next, the entire complex scans in the 3’ direction until it finds the AUG start codon of the mRNA 4. Lastly, the 60S large sub-unit binds to the comple ...
Enzymatic Synthesis of Arginine Phosphate with Coupled ATP
Enzymatic Synthesis of Arginine Phosphate with Coupled ATP

... work with limited amounts (100-400 U) of the relatively expensive6enzyme and to let the reaction proceed over several days. Arginine kinase was immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel (PAN 1000) using a procedure described previously (12), and using ADP, Mg2+, Arg, and NOT7 to protect the active site. I ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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