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OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION

... The scale runs from 0 to 14 with 0 being highest in acidity and 14 lowest. When the pH is in the range of 0 -7, a solution is said to be acidic; if the pH is around 7, the solution is neutral; and if the pH is in the range of 7-14, the solution is basic. Amino acid side chains contain groups, such a ...
Energy Metabolism - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Energy Metabolism - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka

... illustrated by the speed with which aerobic cells, tissues, and organisms die if deprived of oxygen! An even more striking example is given by the elite marathon runner who, it has been calculated, uses a colossal 60kg of ATP during a race12. Moreover, an increase in the steady state level of ATP co ...
The shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites: Implications for
The shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites: Implications for

pH and pOH (cont.)
pH and pOH (cont.)

... • The concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions determine whether an aqueous solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. • An Arrhenius acid must contain an ionizable hydrogen atom. An Arrhennius base must contain an ionizable hydroxide group. • A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a hydrogen ion donor. A B ...
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Chapter 6
Chapter 6

Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis – Structure, function, regulation
Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis – Structure, function, regulation

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... It is asymmetric—both H atoms are on one side. It requires a lot heat to evaporate it. It is an excellent solvent for many substances. It determines the interactions between many biological solutes. ...
transition metal complexes of amino acid and peptide derivatives
transition metal complexes of amino acid and peptide derivatives

... formation processes has already been widely studied. However the presence of carboxylate groups in the side chain modifies the charge of the ligands and the complexes. We have investigated the copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of di-, tri- and tetra-peptides containing one, two or more aspartic an ...
Seminario Glúcidos 3 y lípidos 1. Comente los mecanismos de
Seminario Glúcidos 3 y lípidos 1. Comente los mecanismos de

... up in distilled water, sufficient KC1 was added to the test flasks to provide a fmal concentration of about 0.05 M. Throughout these fractionations, it was found essential that low temperatures be maintained in order to preserve enzyme activity. We have found that the Sorvall angle centrifuges are e ...
COX 2 Inhibitor Interactions - Center for Selective C–H
COX 2 Inhibitor Interactions - Center for Selective C–H

... Aspirin can act as a COX-2 inhibitor, yet it is not as selective as most COX-2 inhibitors. Thus, it will also react with COX-1 enzymes, causing undesired side effects. When aspirin interacts with the COX-2 active site, it permanently acetylates a residue in the active site, according to the followin ...
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Active Site
Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Active Site

... reaction by stabilizing the transition state intermediate. This is accomplished by lowering the energy barrier or activation energy- the energy that is required to promote the formation of transition state intermediate. The three dimensional cleft is formed by the groups that come from different par ...
Fatty acid
Fatty acid

... Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules • Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers • Lipids are hydrophobic because … • The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids • Fats are constructed from two types ...
Improving the Content of Essential Amino Acids in
Improving the Content of Essential Amino Acids in

... potential to increase the contents of Trp and Met in a seed-specific manner have already been proven successful in basic research studies. Another advantage of genetically engineered traits is that they can be transformed into multiple plant species and genotypes and function synergistically with ma ...
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

... those in meat, fish, milk, and eggs. About 50 g of complete protein per day is adequate for adult humans. Proteins that are severely deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids are called incomplete proteins. If the protein in a person’s diet comes mostly from one incomplete source, the am ...
A new subfamily of fungal subtilases: structural and functional
A new subfamily of fungal subtilases: structural and functional

... prokaryotic subtilases, many members of this superfamily have been identified in eukaryotes such as fungi, plants, insects and mammals. Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium are white-rot basidiomycetes, which belong to different subclasses of ligninolytic micro-organisms, producing di ...
T M 24,
T M 24,

... drive, and to a wide variety of other surfaces in the world around us. These coatings are also serving to protect the surfaces from a variety of environmental hazards, including moisture, UV damage, and biological growth (e.g. mold). What more can coatings do for us? Recent advances in materials and ...
Proteins
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... • It is composed of α, β, and κ caseins which form a micelle, or a solubilized unit. ...
A fatty acid
A fatty acid

...  One fatty acid replaced by phosphate PO4 Molecule has Hydrophilic head, and long ...
Prediction of DNA-binding residues in proteins from amino acid
Prediction of DNA-binding residues in proteins from amino acid

... The protein–DNA recognition mechanism is complicated and the interactions consist of a variety of atomic contacts involving hydrogen bonds, van der Waals contacts and electrostatic, watermediated bonds between amino acid residues and nucleotide bases. Such residues that recognize DNA can be identifi ...
Molecular Abnormality of Erythrocyte Pyruvate
Molecular Abnormality of Erythrocyte Pyruvate

Cell Bio!!!!
Cell Bio!!!!

... a) Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins always bind to the minor groove in the DNA double helix. b) The minor groove presents four different configurations of hydrogen-bond donor, hydrogen-bond acceptor, hydrogen atom and methyl group; whereas, the major groove presents two. c) Some gene regulator ...
Preview - International Institute of Naturopathy
Preview - International Institute of Naturopathy

... (with the exception of seafood, which contains saturated fatty acids as well as an equally large number of polyunsaturated fatty acids), whereas vegetable fats consist largely of unsaturated fatty acids (with the exception of coconut and palm oil, which consist almost exclusively of saturated fatty ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis

... ∆Go’ = -85 kJ/mol 9 of the ten metabolites of glycolysis are phosphorylated. Phosphorylated intermediates serve 3 ...
A novel zinc-dependent D-serine dehydratase
A novel zinc-dependent D-serine dehydratase

... of normal L-aminoacyl tRNAs and cause a delay of cell growth [12]. In S. cerevisiae cells, D-tyrosine was found to serve as a substrate of tyrosine tRNA synthase [13]. It is possible that the formation of D-aminoacyl tRNAs is one of the reasons for the toxicity of D-amino acids to S. cerevisiae cell ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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