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TQ bank Lab 4
TQ bank Lab 4

... Some organisms produce an enzyme called caseinase? A. TRUE B. FALSE In the Citrate Test what does the medium turn out to be if it is a positive test? A. Black B. Blue C. Red D. No Color In the Casein Test, Negative is a clearing (halo) around the area of growth of the organism. A. TRUE B. FALSE In t ...
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Chemically Mediated Site-Specific Proteolysis. Alteration of Protein
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Distributed Atomic Polarizabilities of Amino Acids and their

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A unified model of the standard genetic code
A unified model of the standard genetic code

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A unified model of the standard genetic code
A unified model of the standard genetic code

... hidden symmetries of the SGC [33,34]. For example, the SGC has been theoretically derived from a primeval RNY (R means purines, Y pyrimidines, and N any of them) genetic code [9] under a model of sequential symmetry breakings [16,21,35]. Universal vestiges of these evolutionary steps were found in c ...
FAS or PKS, lipid biosynthesis and stable carbon isotope
FAS or PKS, lipid biosynthesis and stable carbon isotope

... Fatty acids are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Given the ubiquity of these important membrane components in biological systems, it is reasonable to assume that the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acids is relatively ancient [58]. Bacteria are known to synthesize fatty acids via the clas ...
Carbohydrate metabolism File
Carbohydrate metabolism File

... glycogenolysis: Cyclic AMP (Fig.2.4.) integrates the regulation of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. The principal enzymes controlling glycogen metabolism glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase are regulated by a complex series of reactions involving both allosteric mechanisms and covalent modi ...
Increase of Melanogenesis in the Presence of Fatty Acids
Increase of Melanogenesis in the Presence of Fatty Acids

... coumestrol, known for its estrogenic activity, and L-DOPA, which is used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. A case study has reported a patient with longstanding Parkinson's disease who noted that his white hair turned grey and darkened 8 months after the addition of carbidopa to his establis ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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