Membrane vesicle-mediated release of bacterial
... Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are constantly being discharged from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria during growth. OMVs typically range between 50–200 nm in diameter and contain outer membrane proteins, LPS, phospholipids, and some periplasmic constituents1. Studies of bacterial OMVs have reve ...
... Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are constantly being discharged from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria during growth. OMVs typically range between 50–200 nm in diameter and contain outer membrane proteins, LPS, phospholipids, and some periplasmic constituents1. Studies of bacterial OMVs have reve ...
Hitching a ride on vesicles: Cauliflower mosaic virus movement
... signals, and thus to vesicle transport, we treated protoplasts and leaf tissue transfected ...
... signals, and thus to vesicle transport, we treated protoplasts and leaf tissue transfected ...
Oligomerization and activation of the FliI ATPase
... underlying the translocation of substrates to the membrane apparatus. It is known that FliI interacts with another flagellar export component, FliH, in the cytosol and/or at the membrane and that this negatively regulates FliI activity (Minamino and Macnab, 2000a; Minamino et al., 2001), and that Fl ...
... underlying the translocation of substrates to the membrane apparatus. It is known that FliI interacts with another flagellar export component, FliH, in the cytosol and/or at the membrane and that this negatively regulates FliI activity (Minamino and Macnab, 2000a; Minamino et al., 2001), and that Fl ...
II-Expressing Microvesicles at Their Surface Follicular Dendritic
... MHC class II compartments (MIICs) (10), which are the subcellular site of peptide loading onto MHC class II molecules (11). MIICs are part of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in APC and often have a multivesicular phenotype (12, 13). The internal vesicles of multivesicular MIICs are probably formed b ...
... MHC class II compartments (MIICs) (10), which are the subcellular site of peptide loading onto MHC class II molecules (11). MIICs are part of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in APC and often have a multivesicular phenotype (12, 13). The internal vesicles of multivesicular MIICs are probably formed b ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion
... 2000) found Dyn2 to be situated at podosomes of transformed cells and osteoclasts. These matrix-degrading structures at the base of cells are formed from tubular invaginations of the plasma membrane and appear to require both actin and Dyn2, because expression of Dyn2 mutants in these cells disrupts ...
... 2000) found Dyn2 to be situated at podosomes of transformed cells and osteoclasts. These matrix-degrading structures at the base of cells are formed from tubular invaginations of the plasma membrane and appear to require both actin and Dyn2, because expression of Dyn2 mutants in these cells disrupts ...
Mechanosensitive Channels:
... MscL is dominated by hydrophobic groups, where the majority of the pore hydrophobic or polar, thus very little specificity is conferred when the channel is opened. The small size and observed conductance magnitude and lack of selectivity indicates that MscL should have no major filtering mechanism a ...
... MscL is dominated by hydrophobic groups, where the majority of the pore hydrophobic or polar, thus very little specificity is conferred when the channel is opened. The small size and observed conductance magnitude and lack of selectivity indicates that MscL should have no major filtering mechanism a ...
Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self
... peptides to undergo ordered self-assembly, in a process resembling hydrophobic tails have four or more consecutive hydrophobic amino acids (see figures in refs. 33–35). For example, the peptide V6D some situations found in well-studied polymer assemblies. A broad range of peptides and proteins have ...
... peptides to undergo ordered self-assembly, in a process resembling hydrophobic tails have four or more consecutive hydrophobic amino acids (see figures in refs. 33–35). For example, the peptide V6D some situations found in well-studied polymer assemblies. A broad range of peptides and proteins have ...
Morphological classification of plant cell deaths
... However, neither is specific to apoptosis, because they can also be observed during necrosis and autophagic death.5–7 Second, stress treatments often induce shrinkage of the plant protoplast, but not of the cell itself, which can be morphologically reminiscent of apoptotic cell shrinkage. However, a ...
... However, neither is specific to apoptosis, because they can also be observed during necrosis and autophagic death.5–7 Second, stress treatments often induce shrinkage of the plant protoplast, but not of the cell itself, which can be morphologically reminiscent of apoptotic cell shrinkage. However, a ...
The role of protein–protein interactions in the intracellular traffic of
... network’ has been developed recently [37, 40]. (6) The binding of some interacting proteins depends on prior posttranslational modification of the target protein [99], e.g., phosphorylation [32, 91, 108]; this mechanism allows PPI to be regulated, e.g., via protein kinases. (7) Finally, it should be ...
... network’ has been developed recently [37, 40]. (6) The binding of some interacting proteins depends on prior posttranslational modification of the target protein [99], e.g., phosphorylation [32, 91, 108]; this mechanism allows PPI to be regulated, e.g., via protein kinases. (7) Finally, it should be ...
GPS-Lipid Manual - CSS-Palm
... type II (GGTase-II) which recognized a C-terminal CC/CXC motif is found to catalyze the geranylgeranylation process (10,14). In addition to the above complex mechanism, prenylation also tightly controls the signaling activities in cell by modifying small GPTase Ras (15,16), Rho (17,18) and Rab (18,1 ...
... type II (GGTase-II) which recognized a C-terminal CC/CXC motif is found to catalyze the geranylgeranylation process (10,14). In addition to the above complex mechanism, prenylation also tightly controls the signaling activities in cell by modifying small GPTase Ras (15,16), Rho (17,18) and Rab (18,1 ...
The structural basis of substrate translocation by the
... energy source, and as a precursor for phospholipid biosynthesis [25]. GlpT translocates G3P across the inner membrane into the cytoplasm in exchange for inorganic phosphate (Pi) [26,27]. Transport is driven by the Pi gradient; the cellular Pi concentration, being 4 mM for non-growing cells [28], is ...
... energy source, and as a precursor for phospholipid biosynthesis [25]. GlpT translocates G3P across the inner membrane into the cytoplasm in exchange for inorganic phosphate (Pi) [26,27]. Transport is driven by the Pi gradient; the cellular Pi concentration, being 4 mM for non-growing cells [28], is ...
Receptor Cell Biology: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
... fined for these in vitro systems (protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation (64) and small GTPases (65). Acidification of endosomes was first described in intact cells using fluorescent labels on endocytosed ligands (66). Similar approaches were used in cell-free systems (67, 68). Endosome acidificati ...
... fined for these in vitro systems (protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation (64) and small GTPases (65). Acidification of endosomes was first described in intact cells using fluorescent labels on endocytosed ligands (66). Similar approaches were used in cell-free systems (67, 68). Endosome acidificati ...
Full Text - Molecular Biology and Evolution
... To estimate the effect of extracellularity, we used the predictions of the SignalP package (Petersen et al. 2011). Briefly, this software detects fragments of amino-acid sequences likely to target proteins to the secretory pathway. SignalP detects these signal peptides in most Gram-positive and Gram ...
... To estimate the effect of extracellularity, we used the predictions of the SignalP package (Petersen et al. 2011). Briefly, this software detects fragments of amino-acid sequences likely to target proteins to the secretory pathway. SignalP detects these signal peptides in most Gram-positive and Gram ...
Genetic Block of Outer Plaque Morphogenesis at the Second Meiotic
... lobe is included by a prospore wall membrane which originates at the cytoplasmic side of the outer plaque. Eventually, each nuclear lobe 'pinches off' and the prospore wall membrane closes to form an immature ascospore. These observations suggest that the outer plaque plays an essential role in the ...
... lobe is included by a prospore wall membrane which originates at the cytoplasmic side of the outer plaque. Eventually, each nuclear lobe 'pinches off' and the prospore wall membrane closes to form an immature ascospore. These observations suggest that the outer plaque plays an essential role in the ...
Chlamydia
... multiplying by binary fission. This is termed the "developmental cycle." Two morphologically different developmental forms with a continuous gradation of intermediates between them can be recognized. One is a small cell about 0.3 u in diameter, with an electron-dense nucleoid. The other is a large c ...
... multiplying by binary fission. This is termed the "developmental cycle." Two morphologically different developmental forms with a continuous gradation of intermediates between them can be recognized. One is a small cell about 0.3 u in diameter, with an electron-dense nucleoid. The other is a large c ...
Imaging ER-to-Golgi transport: towards a
... Key words: Early secretory pathway, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, Transport carriers, Microscopy ...
... Key words: Early secretory pathway, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, Transport carriers, Microscopy ...
Bell Work: What is the fundamental unit of life?
... Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water Peroxisomes perform reactions with many different functions How peroxisomes are related to other organelles is still unknown ...
... Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water Peroxisomes perform reactions with many different functions How peroxisomes are related to other organelles is still unknown ...
Skin and bones: the bacterial cytoskeleton, cell wall, and cell
... Both shape and size are important for cell function, particularly with respect to diffusion and nutrient uptake. A sphere may seem a simple shape to achieve, but its surface area to volume ratio rapidly shrinks with increased size. Meanwhile, a rod can maintain a viable ratio with greater volumes. O ...
... Both shape and size are important for cell function, particularly with respect to diffusion and nutrient uptake. A sphere may seem a simple shape to achieve, but its surface area to volume ratio rapidly shrinks with increased size. Meanwhile, a rod can maintain a viable ratio with greater volumes. O ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
implementation of medicinal leech preparation to investigate the
... Before discussing how a nerve produces a stimulating signal known as an action potential and the scope of electrophysiology, there must be an understanding of the makeup of a cellular membrane, and the environment in and around a cell. Cells have to maintain an osmotic and ionic balance to sustain h ...
... Before discussing how a nerve produces a stimulating signal known as an action potential and the scope of electrophysiology, there must be an understanding of the makeup of a cellular membrane, and the environment in and around a cell. Cells have to maintain an osmotic and ionic balance to sustain h ...
10-2
... Each DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome is referred to as a chromatid (kroh muh tid), or sister chromatid. When the process of mitosis is complete, the chromatids will have separated and been divided between the new daughter cells. Also during prophase, the cell starts to build a spindle, a fan ...
... Each DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome is referred to as a chromatid (kroh muh tid), or sister chromatid. When the process of mitosis is complete, the chromatids will have separated and been divided between the new daughter cells. Also during prophase, the cell starts to build a spindle, a fan ...
Infection of cells by Sindbis virus at low
... penetration has not taken place. These are events which occur several steps after penetration is completed and raise the possibility that the defect in virus production may occur after penetration. In one instance it has been shown that an agent blocking endosome acidification does not block penetra ...
... penetration has not taken place. These are events which occur several steps after penetration is completed and raise the possibility that the defect in virus production may occur after penetration. In one instance it has been shown that an agent blocking endosome acidification does not block penetra ...
Reverse Engineering Models of Cell Cycle Regulation
... To an applied mathematician, Figure 2 looks suspiciously like a bifurcation diagram. In dynamical systems theory,18,19 a bifurcation point is a specific parameter value where the steady state solutions of a nonlinear differential equation change in number and/or stability. Bifurcations can be visual ...
... To an applied mathematician, Figure 2 looks suspiciously like a bifurcation diagram. In dynamical systems theory,18,19 a bifurcation point is a specific parameter value where the steady state solutions of a nonlinear differential equation change in number and/or stability. Bifurcations can be visual ...
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.