Geology and Geomorphology of the European Alps
... snowline. The relatively flat areas are remnants from the Tertiary, which developed under tropical to subtropical climates during periods of slight tectonic activity. Up to the Miocene, the Alps appeared as an undulating planation surface with inselbergs. This planation ceased due to the strong upli ...
... snowline. The relatively flat areas are remnants from the Tertiary, which developed under tropical to subtropical climates during periods of slight tectonic activity. Up to the Miocene, the Alps appeared as an undulating planation surface with inselbergs. This planation ceased due to the strong upli ...
A review of the isotopic and trace element evidence for
... the depleted upper mantle began to change from 7 to 18.2 and 4.2 to 2.6 (respectively) at 3.6 Ga. This signals the appearance of subduction-altered slabs in general mantle circulation from subduction initiated by 3.9 Ga. Juvenile crustal rocks began to show derivation from progressively depleted man ...
... the depleted upper mantle began to change from 7 to 18.2 and 4.2 to 2.6 (respectively) at 3.6 Ga. This signals the appearance of subduction-altered slabs in general mantle circulation from subduction initiated by 3.9 Ga. Juvenile crustal rocks began to show derivation from progressively depleted man ...
Plate Tectonic Evolution and Mineral Resource
... Yangtze Platform up to the Middle Permian. The mineral resource potential related to this stage is estimated to be low. [4] Late Paleozoic orogenesis was followed by marine ingressions, post-orogenic bimodal rift volcanism and continental sedimentation. The volcanism is an expression of a regional ...
... Yangtze Platform up to the Middle Permian. The mineral resource potential related to this stage is estimated to be low. [4] Late Paleozoic orogenesis was followed by marine ingressions, post-orogenic bimodal rift volcanism and continental sedimentation. The volcanism is an expression of a regional ...
Geochemistry of an island-arc plutonic suite
... intrusive phases) along Wadi Dabr. The young gabbros comprise olivine gabbro, norite, gabbro and anorthositic gabbro. They caused a thermal metamorphic effect up to hornblende hornfels-facies. In addition, the Wadi Dabr intrusive complex, young gabbros and ophiolitic melange are also invaded by late ...
... intrusive phases) along Wadi Dabr. The young gabbros comprise olivine gabbro, norite, gabbro and anorthositic gabbro. They caused a thermal metamorphic effect up to hornblende hornfels-facies. In addition, the Wadi Dabr intrusive complex, young gabbros and ophiolitic melange are also invaded by late ...
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 29/1-2, pp. 77-101
... The East Greenland continental margin can be divided into a northern area showing evidence for plate separation and sutiuing of Hudsonian, Grenvillian and Caledonian ages followed by post-Late Caledonian molasse sedimentation and Mesozoic rifting, and a southern area which apparently formed a craton ...
... The East Greenland continental margin can be divided into a northern area showing evidence for plate separation and sutiuing of Hudsonian, Grenvillian and Caledonian ages followed by post-Late Caledonian molasse sedimentation and Mesozoic rifting, and a southern area which apparently formed a craton ...
38_1993_Houston et al_Geo of NA_Wyoming province
... of the Banded series, which makes up more than three-fourths of the exposed complex. Although several stratigraphicsubdivisions of the Banded series have been proposed, it can most conveniently be divided into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Banded series largely on the basis of crystabation order of t ...
... of the Banded series, which makes up more than three-fourths of the exposed complex. Although several stratigraphicsubdivisions of the Banded series have been proposed, it can most conveniently be divided into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Banded series largely on the basis of crystabation order of t ...
Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift
... Santos Basin, and the formation of the São Paulo High. Over the past decades, our knowledge of passive-margin evolution and the sophistication of lithospheric deformation modelling codes has substantially increased (e.g. Huismans and Beaumont, 2011; Péron-Pinvidic and Manatschal, 2009; Rüpke et a ...
... Santos Basin, and the formation of the São Paulo High. Over the past decades, our knowledge of passive-margin evolution and the sophistication of lithospheric deformation modelling codes has substantially increased (e.g. Huismans and Beaumont, 2011; Péron-Pinvidic and Manatschal, 2009; Rüpke et a ...
Superposed Fault Systems of the Southernmost
... Appalachian orogen and have widespread implications for the tectonic history of the southern Appalachians in general. Following Neoproterozoic rifting of the Rodinian supercontinent and deposition of a thick metasedimentary package of rocks along an amagmatic rifted margin, now comprising the Ashlan ...
... Appalachian orogen and have widespread implications for the tectonic history of the southern Appalachians in general. Following Neoproterozoic rifting of the Rodinian supercontinent and deposition of a thick metasedimentary package of rocks along an amagmatic rifted margin, now comprising the Ashlan ...
FOSI BeritaSedimentologi BS 23 March2012
... crust then sank of its own accord and pulled the subduction zone across the Banda Sea area in a horseshoe shape. The overlying arc migrated south and east and the northern margin was largely a strike-slip margin. Backarc spreading occurred NW of the arc in the present Banda Sea. Hall (2002) infers t ...
... crust then sank of its own accord and pulled the subduction zone across the Banda Sea area in a horseshoe shape. The overlying arc migrated south and east and the northern margin was largely a strike-slip margin. Backarc spreading occurred NW of the arc in the present Banda Sea. Hall (2002) infers t ...
Bulletin 113: Geology of East Portillo Mountains and Vicinity, Doña
... Abstract—Situated just north of the Mexico border in south-central Dona Ana County, New Mexico, the East Potrillo Mountains area reveals important details about Laramide, middle Tertiary, and late Tertiary deformation in the region, as well as data on Permian, Lower Cretaceous, and Cenozoic stratigr ...
... Abstract—Situated just north of the Mexico border in south-central Dona Ana County, New Mexico, the East Potrillo Mountains area reveals important details about Laramide, middle Tertiary, and late Tertiary deformation in the region, as well as data on Permian, Lower Cretaceous, and Cenozoic stratigr ...
(VMS) Deposits - Department of Natural Resources
... Sulphide Clasts: Carefully examine any outcrops of breccia for clasts which may be altered and mineralized, or better yet, for massive sulphide clasts. Evidence of Faults: We all have our faults and so do VMS deposits. Faults containing groundup mineralized material are a very good sign. ...
... Sulphide Clasts: Carefully examine any outcrops of breccia for clasts which may be altered and mineralized, or better yet, for massive sulphide clasts. Evidence of Faults: We all have our faults and so do VMS deposits. Faults containing groundup mineralized material are a very good sign. ...
GW_Rpt_41_Appendix_07_stratigraphic_units
... Basalt of Boggs Lake (Pleistocene or Pliocene) Gray, cumulophyric basalt Appears to be a single flow, with a general thickness of 3-5 m Basalt of Dry Spring (Pleistocene or Pliocene) Dark gray, aphyric, and possibly aphanitic, basalt Thin flows, total thickness is unknown Basalt of the gas pipeline ...
... Basalt of Boggs Lake (Pleistocene or Pliocene) Gray, cumulophyric basalt Appears to be a single flow, with a general thickness of 3-5 m Basalt of Dry Spring (Pleistocene or Pliocene) Dark gray, aphyric, and possibly aphanitic, basalt Thin flows, total thickness is unknown Basalt of the gas pipeline ...
Immobile Element Fingerprinting of Ophiolites
... and upper mantle which formed at ocean ridges and were then emplaced on land. They commonly carry the only SETTINGS OF OPHIOLITE FORMATION record we have of the nature and composition of the crust When ophiolites were fi rst defi ned formally, they were and upper mantle of former oceans, so they are ...
... and upper mantle which formed at ocean ridges and were then emplaced on land. They commonly carry the only SETTINGS OF OPHIOLITE FORMATION record we have of the nature and composition of the crust When ophiolites were fi rst defi ned formally, they were and upper mantle of former oceans, so they are ...
Post-Hercynian formations of the western Tauern window
... layering (Fig. 1) which appears in a more or less clear manner even though metamorphism has obscured many of the primary structures and textures. Throughout, lime-free (or nearly lime-free) phyllitic material forms one part of the cycles. This is also valid for the lime-rich members (Fig. lc). Despi ...
... layering (Fig. 1) which appears in a more or less clear manner even though metamorphism has obscured many of the primary structures and textures. Throughout, lime-free (or nearly lime-free) phyllitic material forms one part of the cycles. This is also valid for the lime-rich members (Fig. lc). Despi ...
Rare earth elements in Québec, Canada: Main deposit
... The relative abundance of REE in the Earth’s crust varies according to two main factors: 1) the predominance of evennumbered chemical elements relative to their odd-numbered neighbours in the solar system, because of the greater stability of their atomic nuclei (Oddo-Harkins effect); and 2) the pred ...
... The relative abundance of REE in the Earth’s crust varies according to two main factors: 1) the predominance of evennumbered chemical elements relative to their odd-numbered neighbours in the solar system, because of the greater stability of their atomic nuclei (Oddo-Harkins effect); and 2) the pred ...
Facies analysis and depositional environments of the Upper
... mainly of pebbly to sandy limestones/or dolostones, calcareous sandstones and pebbly dolomitic sandstones. Detrital grains include meta-quartzites and chert granules. Carbonate components consist mainly of skeletal fragments of brachiopods, bivalves (e.g., rudists), echinoderms, algae, bryozoans, an ...
... mainly of pebbly to sandy limestones/or dolostones, calcareous sandstones and pebbly dolomitic sandstones. Detrital grains include meta-quartzites and chert granules. Carbonate components consist mainly of skeletal fragments of brachiopods, bivalves (e.g., rudists), echinoderms, algae, bryozoans, an ...
Philippine Sea Plate inception, evolution, and consumption with
... We compiled the most relevant data acquired throughout the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) from the early expeditions to the most recent. We also analyzed the various explanatory models in light of this updated dataset. The following main conclusions are discussed in this study. (1) The Izanagi slab deta ...
... We compiled the most relevant data acquired throughout the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) from the early expeditions to the most recent. We also analyzed the various explanatory models in light of this updated dataset. The following main conclusions are discussed in this study. (1) The Izanagi slab deta ...
PALEOZOIC SUCCESSION IN THAILAND
... Paleozoic in age. Upper Cambrian strata included in it by Brown et al., (1951) are now classed as the Tarutao Formation (Bunopas et al., 1980) which equals the Tarutao Group of Javanaphet (1969). The sequence previously known as the Phuket Series at Phuket Island is now known as the Pnuket Group (Mi ...
... Paleozoic in age. Upper Cambrian strata included in it by Brown et al., (1951) are now classed as the Tarutao Formation (Bunopas et al., 1980) which equals the Tarutao Group of Javanaphet (1969). The sequence previously known as the Phuket Series at Phuket Island is now known as the Pnuket Group (Mi ...
bulletin of marine science
... fracture zones, deep-sea trenches, several varieties and thicknesses of continental and oceanic crusts, as well as all categories of rock types and tectonic styles. In this area there are events occurring daily which are indicative of the pattern of the earth's tectonic activities. Here then is trul ...
... fracture zones, deep-sea trenches, several varieties and thicknesses of continental and oceanic crusts, as well as all categories of rock types and tectonic styles. In this area there are events occurring daily which are indicative of the pattern of the earth's tectonic activities. Here then is trul ...
Geology of Southwestern Alaska (3.0MB, PDF)
... sequence. For this report , however , we include within the Mystic sequence all rock types of Late Devonian through Early Cretaceous age within the Farewell terrane that overlie the White Mountain sequence and/or underlie the Kuskokwim Group. The main outcrop belt of the Mystic sequence (and type ar ...
... sequence. For this report , however , we include within the Mystic sequence all rock types of Late Devonian through Early Cretaceous age within the Farewell terrane that overlie the White Mountain sequence and/or underlie the Kuskokwim Group. The main outcrop belt of the Mystic sequence (and type ar ...
Field Trip Guide
... Wright, 1997). This region can be divided into three lithotectonic slices which are, from west to east and from structurally lowest to highest: A) the parauthochthon, B) the upper plate of the Champlain Thrust, and C) the upper plate of the Hinesburg Thrust (Figs. 3, 4, and 5). The Champlain thrust ...
... Wright, 1997). This region can be divided into three lithotectonic slices which are, from west to east and from structurally lowest to highest: A) the parauthochthon, B) the upper plate of the Champlain Thrust, and C) the upper plate of the Hinesburg Thrust (Figs. 3, 4, and 5). The Champlain thrust ...
Late Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphic evolution of northeast
... us (unpubl. ®eld data) to be related to a segment boundary that separates west-dipping normal faults in the north from east-dipping faults in the south. Most of the Pliocene deposits on Carmen Island consist of relatively thin (, several 100's of meters), gently dipping, impure bioclastic carbonates ...
... us (unpubl. ®eld data) to be related to a segment boundary that separates west-dipping normal faults in the north from east-dipping faults in the south. Most of the Pliocene deposits on Carmen Island consist of relatively thin (, several 100's of meters), gently dipping, impure bioclastic carbonates ...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
... in the past has been determined by the compositional evolution of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. In contrast with modern largescale deep-sea deposition, the geological settings of most ancient manganese deposits indicate ...
... in the past has been determined by the compositional evolution of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. In contrast with modern largescale deep-sea deposition, the geological settings of most ancient manganese deposits indicate ...
Geological Society of America Bulletin
... activity started around 70 Ma, peaking around 50 Ma (Fig. 1, inset). In the Canal Basin and east of it, magmatic activity diminished after 38 Ma, and stopped at ca. 15 Ma, while remaining prolific toward the west (Fig. 1, inset). Late Cretaceous and younger magmatism resulted from north-dipping subd ...
... activity started around 70 Ma, peaking around 50 Ma (Fig. 1, inset). In the Canal Basin and east of it, magmatic activity diminished after 38 Ma, and stopped at ca. 15 Ma, while remaining prolific toward the west (Fig. 1, inset). Late Cretaceous and younger magmatism resulted from north-dipping subd ...
New Hypothesis for the Formation of the Catalina
... believed by some to also represent a product of Middle Jurassic nascent subduction (e.g., Stern and Bloomer, 1992). Although the nascent subduction model may generally explain the genesis of Middle Jurassic high-grade rocks within the Franciscan Complex, initiation of a new subduction zone off the ...
... believed by some to also represent a product of Middle Jurassic nascent subduction (e.g., Stern and Bloomer, 1992). Although the nascent subduction model may generally explain the genesis of Middle Jurassic high-grade rocks within the Franciscan Complex, initiation of a new subduction zone off the ...
Geological history of Earth
The geological history of Earth follows the major events in Earth's past based on the geologic time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers (stratigraphy). Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun, which also created the rest of the Solar System.Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.As the surface continually reshaped itself over hundreds of millions of years, continents formed and broke apart. They migrated across the surface, occasionally combining to form a supercontinent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600 to 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart 180 million years ago.The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago, then intensified at the end of the Pliocene. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years. The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago.